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All Textbook Solutions for Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
What if everyone in the government used the scientific method to analyze and solve societys problems, and politics were never involved in the solutions? How would this be different from the present situation, and would it be better or worse?Discuss how a hypothesis can become a theory. Can a theory become a law? Explain.Make five qualitative and five quantitative observations about the room in which you now sit.3ALQDifferentiate between a “theory” and a “scientific theory.”Describe three situations when you used the scientific method (outside of school) in the past month.Scientific models do not describe reality. They are simplifications aid therefore incorrect at some level. So why are models useful?Theories should inspire questions. Discuss a scientific theory you know and the questions ii brings up.Describe how you would set up an experiment to test the relationship between completion of assigned homework and the final grade you receive in the course.If all scientists use the scientific method to try to arrive at a better understanding of the world, why do so many debates arise among scientists?As stated in the text, there is no one scientific method. However, making observations, formulating hypotheses, and performing experiments are generally components of “doing science.” Read the following passage, and list any observations, hypotheses, and experiments. Support your answer. Joyce and Frank arc eating raisins and drinking ginger ale. Frank accidentally drops a raisin into his ginger ale. They both notice that (lie raisin falls to the bottom of the glass. Soon, the raisin rises Lo the surface of the ginger ale, then sinks. Within a couple of minutes, it rises and sinks again. Joyce asks. “I won der why that happened?” Frank says. I don’t know, hut let’s see if it works in water.” Joyce fills a glass with water and drops the raisin into the glass. After a few minutes, Frank says, “No, it doesn’t go up and down in the water.” Joyce closely observes the raisins in the two glasses and states, “Look, there are hubbies on the raisins in the ginger ale but not on the raisins in the water.” Frank says, ‘it must be the bubbles that make the raisin rise.” Joyce asks, “OK, hut then why do they sink again?”In Section 1.3 the statement is made that it is worthwhile for scientists, auto mechanics, doctors, politicians, and poets to take a scientific approach to their professions. Discuss how each of these people could use a scientific approach in his or her profession.As part of a science project, you study traffic patterns in your city at an intersection in the middle of downtown. You set up a device that counts the cars passing through this intersection for a 24-hour period during a weekday. The graph of hourly traffic looks like this. At what lime(s) does the highest number of cars pass through the intersection? At what time(s) does the lowest number of cars pass through the intersection? Briefly describe the trend in numbers of cars over the course of the day. Provide a hypothesis explaining the trend in numbers of cars over the course of the day. Provide a possible experiment that could test your hypothesis.13ALQChemistry is an intimidating academic subject for many students. You are not alone if you are afraid of not doing well in this course! Why do you suppose the study of chemistry is so intimidating for many students? What about having to take a chemistry course bothers you? Make a list of your concerns, and bring them to class (or discussion with your fellow students and your instructor.The first paragraphs in this chapter ask you if you have ever wondered how and why various things in our everyday lives happen the way they do. For your next class meeting, make a list of five similar chemistry-related things for discussion with your instructor and the other students in your class.This section presents several ways our day-to-day lives have been enriched by chemistry. List three materials or processes involving chemistry that you feel have contributed to such an enrichment, and explain your choices.The Chemistry in Focus segment titled Dr. Ruth—cotton Hero discusses the enormous contribution of Dr. Ruth Rogan Benerito to the survival of the cotton fabric industry in the United States. In the discussion, it was mentioned that Dr. Benerito became a chemist when women were not expected to be interested in, or good at, scientific subjects. Has this attitude changed? Among your own friends, approximately how many of your female friends are studying a science? How many plan to pursue a career in science? Discuss.This textbook provides a specific definition of chemistry: the study of the materials of which the universe is made and the transformations that these materials undergo. Obviously, such a general definition has to be very broad and nonspecific. From your point of view al this lime, how wouldyoudefine chemistry? In your mind, what are “chemicals”? What do “chemists” do?We use chemical reactions in our everyday lives, too, not just in the science laboratory. Give at least five examples of chemical transformations that you use in your daily activities. Indicate what the “chemical” is in each of your examples and how you recognize that a chemical change has taken place.7QAPBeing a scientist is very much like being a detective. Detectives such as Sherlock Holmes or Miss Marple perform a very systematic analysis of a crime to solve it, much like a scientist does when addressing a scientific investigation. What are the steps that scientists (or detectives) use to solve problems?In science, what is the difference between a law and a theory? Provide examples of each.Observations may be either qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative observations are usually referred to asmeasurements. List five examples ofqualitative observationsyou might make around your home or school. List five examples ofmeasurementsyou might make in everyday life.11QAPTrue or false? If a theory is disproven, then all of the observations that support that theory are also disproven. Explain.Although, in general, science has advanced our standard of living tremendously, there is sometimes a “dark side” to science. Give an example of the misuse of science, and explain how this has had an adverse effect on our lives.Discuss several political, social, or personal considerations that might affect a scientist’s evaluation of a theory. Give examples of how such external forces have influenced scientists in the past. Discuss methods by which such bias might be excluded from future scientific investigations.Although reviewing your lecture notes and reading your text book are important, why does the study of chemistry depend so much on problem solving? Can you learn to solve problems yourself just by looking at the solved examples in your textbook or study guide? Discuss.Why is the ability to solve problems important in the study of chemistry? Why is it that the method used to attack a problem is as important as the answer Lo the problem itself?Students approaching the study of chemistry must learn certain basic facts (such as the names and symbols of the most common elements), but it is much more important that they learn to think critically and to go beyond the specific examples discussed in class or in the textbook. Explain how learning to do this might be helpful in any career, even one far removed from chemistry.The ‘Chemistry in Focus” segmentChemistry: An Important Component of Your Educationdiscusses how studying chemistry can be beneficial not only in your chemistry courses but in your studies in general. What are some characteristics of a good student, and how does studying chemistry help achieve these characteristics?Exercise 2.1 Write the numbers 357 and 0.0055 in scientific notation. If you are having difficulty with scientific notation at this point, reread the Appendix.What if you were not allowed to use units for one day? How would this affect your life for that day?Exercise 2.2 Give the number of significant figures for each of the following measurements. 0.00100 m 2.0800102 L 480 CorvettesExercise 2.3 Give the answer for each calculation to the correct number of significant figures. 12.60.53 (12.60.53)4.59 (25.364.15)2.317Exercise 2.4 Wine is often bottled in 0.750-L containers. Using the appropriate equivalence statement from Table 2.7, calculate the volume of such a wine bottle in quarts.Exercise 2.5 Racing cars at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway now routinely travel around the track at an average speed of 225 mi/h. What is this speed in kilometers per hour?Exercise 2.6 Which temperature is colder, 172 K or 75 °C?Exercise 2.7 Hot tubs are often maintained at 41 °C. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit degrees?Exercise 2.8 An antifreeze solution in a car’s radiator boil at 239 °F. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?Exercise 2.9A student wants to identify the main component in a commercial liquid cleaner. He finds that 35.8 mL of the cleaner weighs 28.1 g. Of the following possibilities, which is the main component of the cleaner? Substance Density, g/cm3 Chloroform 1.483 diethyl ether 0.7 14 isopropyl alcohol 0.785 toluene 0.867a. There are 365 days/year, 24 hours/day, 12 months/year, and 60 minutes/hour. How many minutes are there in one month? b. There are 24 hours/day. 60 minutes/hour, 7 days/week, and 4 weeks/month. How many minutes are there in one month? c. Why are these answers different? Which (if either) is more correct and why?You go to a convenience store to buy candy and find the owner to be rather odd. He allows you to buy pieces only in multiples of tour, and to buy four, you need $0.23. He allows you only to use 3 pennies and 2 dimes. You have a bunch of pennies and dimes, and instead of counting them, you decide to weigh them. You have 636.3 g of pennies, and each penny weighs an average of 3.03 g. Each dime weighs an average of 2.29 g. Each piece of candy weighs an average of 10.23 g. How many pennies do you have? How many dimes do you need to buy as much candy as possible? How much would all of your dimes weigh? How many pieces of candy could you buy (based on the number of dimes from part b)? How much would this candy weigh? How many pieces of candy could you buy with twice as many dimes?When a marble is dropped into a beaker of water, it sinks to the bottom. Which of the following is the best explanation? The surface area of the marble is not large enough for the marble to be held up by the surface tension of the water. The mass of the marble is greater than that of the water. The marble weighs more than an equivalent volume of the water. The force from dropping the marble breaks the surface tension of the water. The marble has greater mass and volume than the water. Explain each choice. That is, for choices you did not pick, explain why you feel they are wrong, and justify the choice you did pick.Consider water in each graduated cylinder as shown: You add both samples of water to a beaker. How would you write the number describing the total volume? What limits the precision of this number?What is the numerical value of a conversion factor? Why must this be true?For each of the following numbers, indicate which zeros are significant and explain. Do not merely cite the rule that applies, but explain the rule. 10.020 0.002050 190 270Consider the addition of “1 5.4” to “28.” What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a scientist say? justify the scientist’s answer, not merely citing the rule, but explaining it.Consider multiplying “26.2” by “16.43.” What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a scientist say? Justify the scientist’s answer, not merely citing the rule, hut explaining it.In lab you report a measured volume of 128.7 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of the error, what range of answers does your reported volume imply? Explain.Sketch two pieces of glassware: one that can measure volume to the thousandths place, and one that can measure volume only to the ones place.Oil floats on water but is “thicker” than water. Why do you think this fact is true?Show how converting numbers to scientific notation can help you decide which digits are significant.You are driving 65mph and take your eyes oil the road “just for a second.” How many feet do you travel in this time?You have a1.0cm3 sample of lead and a1.0cm3 sample of glass. You drop each in a separate beaker of water. How do the volumes of water that are displaced by the samples compare? Explain.The beakers shown below have different precisions. Label the amount of water in each of the three beakers to the correct number of significant figures. Is it possible for each of the three beakers to contain the exact same amount of water? If no, why not? If yes, did you report the volumes as the same in part a? Explain. Suppose you pour the water from these three beakers into one container. What should be the volume in the container reported lo the correct number of significant figures?True or false? For any mathematical operation performed on two measurements, the number of significant figures in the answer is the same as the least number of significant figures in either of the measurements. Explain your answer.Complete the following and explain each in your own words: leading zeros are (never/sometimes/always) significant: captive zeros are (never/sometimes/always) significant; and trailing zeros are (never/sometimes/always) significant. For any statement with an answer of “sometimes,” give examples of when the zero is significant and when it is not, and explain.For each of the following figures, a through d, decide which block is more dense: the orange block, the blue block, or it cannot be determined. Explain your answers.For the pin shown below, why is the third digit determined for the length of the pin uncertain? Considering that the third digit is uncertain, explain why the length of the pin is indicated as 2.85 cm rather than, for example, 2.83 or 2.87 cm.Why can the length of the pin shown below not be recorded as 2.850 cm?Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Derive the relationship between °C and °X. If the temperature outside is 22.0 °C, what is the temperature in units of °X? Convert 58.0 °X to units of °C, K. and °F.A represents a quantitative observation.Although your textbook lists (he rules for converting an ordinary number to scientific notation, oftentimes students remember such rules better ¡f they put them into their own words. Pretend you are helping your 12-year-old niece with her math homework, and write a paragraph explaining to her how to convert the ordinary number 2421 to scientific notation.When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as the product of anumberbetween 1 and 10, multiplied by the appropriatepowerof 10. For each of the following numbers, indicate what number between 1 and 10 would be appropriate when expressing the numbers in standard scientific notation. 9651 0.003521 93,241 0.000001002When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as the product of a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by the appropriate power of 10. For each of the following numbers, indicate what power of 10 would be appropriate when expressing the numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 84,961,306 b. 0.4870 c. 0.000033812 d. 3,890,406,000,000Will the power of 10 have apositiveor anegativeexponent when each of the following numbers is rewritten in standard scientific notation? 42,751 1253 0.002045 0.10896QAPExpress each of the following numbers instandardscientific notation. a. 0.5012 b. 5,012,000 c. 0.000005012 d. 5.012 e. 5012 f. 0.005012Rewrite each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. 2.789103 2.789103 99.3107 1.289101 9.999104 9.999105By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the following to “ordinary” decimal numbers? 4.311106 7.895105 8.712101 4.995100 2.3311018 1.9971016By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the following to standard scientific notation? a. 5993 d. 62.357 b. 72.14 e. 0.01014 c. 0.00008291 f. 324.911QAPWrite each of the following numbers as “ordinary” decimal numbers. a.6.244103 d.1.771104 b.9.117102 e.5.451102 c.8.299101 ’ f.2.934105Write each of the following numbers instandardscientific notation. a.1/1033 e.1/3,093,000 b.1/105 f.1/104 c.1/107 g.1/109 d.1/0.0002 h.1/0.00001514QAPWhat are the fundamental units of mass, length, and temperature in the metric system?Give the metric prefix that corresponds to each of the following: 1000 103 109 1,000,000 101 106Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they have grown up with. Give the approximate English system equivalents for each of the following metric system descriptions in Exercises 1720. . My new kitchen floor will require 25 square meters of linoleum. . My recipe for chili requires a 125-g can of tomato paste. . The gas tank in my new car holds 48 liters. . I need some 2.5-cm-long nails to hang up this picture.Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they have grown up with. Give the approximate English system equivalents for each of the following metric system descriptions in Exercises 1720. . My new kitchen floor will require 25 square meters of linoleum. . My recipe for chili requires a 125-g can of tomato paste. . The gas tank in my new car holds 48 liters. . I need some 2.5-cm-long nails to hang up this picture.Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they have grown up with. Give the approximate English system equivalents for each of the following metric system descriptions in Exercises 1720. . My new kitchen floor will require 25 square meters of linoleum. . My recipe for chili requires a 125-g can of tomato paste. . The gas tank in my new car holds 48 liters. . I need some 2.5-cm-long nails to hang up this picture.Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they have grown up with. Give the approximate English system equivalents for each of the following metric system descriptions in Exercises 1720. . My new kitchen floor will require 25 square meters of linoleum. . My recipe for chili requires a 125-g can of tomato paste. . The gas tank in my new car holds 48 liters. . I need some 2.5-cm-long nails to hang up this picture.The road sign I just passed says “New York City 100 km,” which is about mi.The GPS in my car indicates that t have 100. mi left until I reach my destination. What is this distance in kilometers?The tablecloth on my dining room table is 2 in long, which is cm or about in.Who is taller, a man who is 1.62 in tall or a woman who is 5 ft 6 in. tall?The fundamental SI unit of length is the meter. However, we often deal with larger or smaller lengths or distances for which multiples or fractions of the fundamental unit are more useful. For each of the following situations, suggest what fraction or multiple of the meter might be the most appropriate measurement. the distance between Chicago and Saint Louis the size of your bedroom the dimensions of this textbook the thickness of a hair26. Which English unit of length or distance is most comparable in scale to each of the following metric system units for making measurements? a centimeter a meter a kilometerThe unit of volume in the metric system is the liter, which consists of 1000 milliliters. How many liters or milliliters is each of the following common English system measurements approximately equivalent to? a gallon of gasoline a pint of milk a cup of waterWhich metric system unit is most appropriate for measuring the length of an insect such as a beetle? meters millimeters megameters kilometersWhen a measuring scale is used properly to the limit of precision, the last significant digit recorded for the measurement is said to beuncertain. Explain.In lab you report a measured volume of 158.6 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of the error, what range of answers does your reported volume imply? Choose the best answer and justify your choice. 100200 mL 150160 mL 158159 mL 158.5158.7 mL 158.59158.6l mLFor the pin shown in Fig. 2.5, why is the third figure determined for the length of the pin uncertain? Considering that the third figure is uncertain, explain why the length of the pin is indicated as 2.85 cm rather than, for example, 2.83 or 2.87 cm.Why can the length of the pin shown in Fig. 2.5 not be recorded as 2.850 cm?Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: 250. 250 2.5102 250.0Indicate the number of significant figures implied in each of the following statements: The population of the United States in 2016 was 324 million. One minute is equivalent to 60 seconds. There are 1 .6093 kilometers in 1 mile. The average speed for a four-seat helicopter is about 130 mi/h. The Le Mans racetrack is 8.5 miles in length.When we round off a number, if the number to the right of the digit to be rounded is greater than 5, then we should .In a multiple-step calculation, is it better to round off the numbers to the correct number of significant figures in each step of the calculation or to round off only the final answer? Explain.Round off each of the following numbers to three significant digits, and express the result in standard scientific notation. 254,931 0.00025615 47.85103 0.08214105Round off each of the following numbers to two significant digits, and express the result in standard scientific notation. 1,566,311 2.7651103 0.07759 0.001 1672Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the answer in standard scientific notation. 4341102 to three significant digits 93.441103 to three significant digits 0.99155102 to four significant digits 9.3265 to tour significant digitsRound off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits, and write the answer in standard scientific notation. 0.00034159 to two digits 103.351102 lo five digits 17.9915 to one digit 3.365105 to four digitsConsider the calculation indicated below: 2.210.072330.154.995 Explain why the answer to this calculation should be reported to only two significant digits.The following water measurements are made: 18 mL of water measured with a beaker, 128.7 mL of water measured with a graduated cylinder, and 23.45 mL of water measured with a buret. If all of these water samples are then poured together into one container, what total volume of water should be reported? Support your answer.When the calculation(2.31)(4.9795103)/(1.9971104) is performed, how many significant digits should he reported for the answer? You shouldnotneed to perform the calculation.You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the length as 34.29 cm and the width as 26.72 cm. How many significant figures should you report for the perimeter?When the sum 4.9965 + 2.11 + 3.887 is calculated, to how many decimal places should the answer he reported? You shouldnotneed to perform the calculation.How many digits after the decimal point should he reported when the calculation (10,434 9.3344) is performed?Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. 44.2124 + 0.81 + 7.335 9.7789 t 3.3315 2.21 0.8891 + 0.225 + 4.14 (7.223 + 9.14 + 3.7795)/3.1Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. (4.771+2.3)/3.1 5.02102+4.1102 1.091103+2.21102+1.14101 (2.7991106)/(4.22106)Without actually performing the calculations indicated,tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. (0.1 96)(0.08215)(295)/(1.1) (4.2 15 + 3.991 + 2.442)/(0.22) (7.881)(4.224) (0.00033)/(2.997) (6.2 19 + 2.03)/(3.1159)Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. (9.7871)(2)(0.00182)(43.21) (67.41+0.32+1.98)/(18.225) (2.001103)(4.7106)(68.224102) (72.15)(63.9)[1.98+4.8981]How many significant digits should be used to report the answer to each of the following calculations? Do not perform the calculations. (2.7518 + 9.01 + 3.3349)/ (2.1) (2.77511.95)/(.98) 12.0078/3.014 (0.997+4.011+3.876)/(1.86103)Evaluate each of the following and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. (2.0944+0.0003233+12.22)/(7.001) (1.42102+1.021103)/(3.1101) (9.762103)/(1.43102+4.51101) (6.1982104)2A represents a ratio based on an equivalence statement between two measurements.How many significant figures are understood for the numbers in the following definition: 1 in. = 2.54 cm?Given that 1 mi = 1760 yd, determine what conversion factor is appropriate 10 Convert 1849 yd to miles; to convert 2.781 mi to yards.Given that 1 in. = 2.54 cm exactly, indicate what conversion factor is appropriate to convert 3.25 in. to centimeters and to convert 46. 12 cm to inches.For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. . What conversion factor is appropriate to express the cost of 5.3 lb of apples? . What conversion factor could be used to determine how many pounds of apples could be bought for $25.00?For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. What conversion factor is appropriate to express the cost of 5.3 lb of apples? . What conversion factor could be used to determine how many pounds of apples could be bought for $25.00?Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. 12.5 in. to centimeters 12.5cm lo inches 2513 ft to miles 4.53 ft to meters 6.52 min to seconds 52.3 cm to meters 4.21 m to yards 8.02 oz to poundsPerform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. 2.23 m to yards 46.2 yd to meters 292 cm to inches 881.2 in. to centimeters 1043 km to miles 445.5 mi to kilometers 36.2 m to kilometers 0.501 km to centimetersPerform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. 1.75 mi to kilometers 2.63 gal to quarts 4.675 calories to joules 756.2 mm Hg to atmospheres 36.3 atomic mass units to kilograms 46.2 in. to Centimeters 2.75 qt to fluid ounces 3.51 yd to metersPerform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. 254.3 g to kilograms 2.75 kg to grains 2.75 kg to pounds 2.75 kg to ounces 534.1 g to pounds 1.75 lb to grams 8.7 oz to grams 45.9 g to ounces12.01 g of carbon contains6.021023 carbon atoms. What is the mass in grams of1.891025 carbon atoms?Los Angeles and Honolulu are 2558 mi apart. What is this distance in kilometers?The United States has high-speed trains running between Boston and New York capable of speeds up to 160 mi/h. Are these trains faster or slower than the fastest trains in the United Kingdom, which reach speeds of 225 km/h?The radius of an atom is on the order of1010 m. What is this radius in centimeters? In inches? In nanometers?The temperature scale used in everyday life in most of the world except the United States is the scale.The point of water is at 32° on the Fahrenheit temperature scale.69QAPThe freezing point of water is _________ K.On both the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, there are degrees between the normal freezing and boiling points of water.On which temperature scale (°F, °C, or K) does 1 degree represent the smallest change in temperature?Make the following temperature conversions: 44.2 °C to kelvins 891 K to °C 20 °C to kelvins 273.1 K to °CCarry out the indicated temperature conversions. 153 °F to kelvins 153 °C to kelvins 555 °C to Fahrenheit degrees 24 °F to Celsius degreesConvert the following Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius degrees. a chilly morning ¡n early autumn. 45 °F a hot, dry day in the Arizona desert. 115 °F the temperature in winter when my car won’t start, 10°F the surface of a star, 10,000°FConvert the following Celsius temperatures to Fahrenheit degrees. the boiling temperature of ethyl alcohol. 78.1 °C a hot day at the beach on a Greek isle. 40. °C the lowest possible temperature, 273 °C the body temperature of a person with hypothermia, 32 °CThe “Chemistry in Focus” segmentTiny Thermometersstates that the temperature range for the carbon nanotube gallium thermometers is 50 °C to 500 °C. a. What properties of gallium make it useful in a thermometer? b. Determine the useful temperature range for the gallium thermometer in Fahrenheit units.Perform the indicated temperature conversions. 275 K to °C 82 °F to °C 21 °C to °F 40 °F to °C (Notice anything unusual about your answer?)79QAPThe most common units for density are ___________.A kilogram of lead occupies a much smaller volume than a kilogram of water because _________ has a much higher density.If a solid block of glass, with a volume of exactly 100 in.3, is placed in a basin of water that is full to the brim, then of water will overflow from the basin.Is the density of a gaseous substance likely to be larger or smaller than the density of a liquid or solid substance at the same temperature? Why?What property of density makes it useful as an aid in identifying substances?Referring to Table 2.8, which substance listed is most dense? Which substance is least dense? For the two substances you have identified, for which one would a 1.00-g sample occupy the larger volume?Referring to Table 2.8, determine whether magnesium, ethanol, silver, or salt is the least dense.For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grains per cubic centimeter. mass = 452.1 g: volume = 292 cm3 mass = 0.14 lb: Volume 125 mL mass = 1.01 kg; volume = 1000 cm3 mass = 225 mg: volume = 2.51 mLFor the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. mass = 4.53 kg; volume = 225 cm3 mass = 26.3 g; volume = 25.0 mL mass = 1.00 lb; volume = 500. cm3 mass = 352 mg; volume = 0.27 1 cm3The element bromine at room temperature is a liquid with a density of 3. 12 g/mL. Calculate the mass of 125 mL of bromine. What volume does 85.0 g of bromine occupy?Sunflower oil has a density of 0.920 g/mL. What is the mass of 4.50 L of sunflower oil? What volume (in L) would 375 g of sunflower oil occupy?If 1000. mL of linseed oil has a mass of 929 g. calculate the density of linseed oil.A material will float on the surface of a liquid if the material has a density less than that of the liquid. Given that the density of water is approximately 1.0 g/mL under many conditions, will a block of material having a volume of1.2104in.3 and weighing 3.5 lb float or sink when placed in a reservoir of water?Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. If 52.4 g of iron is added to 75.0 mL of water in a graduated cylinder, to what volume reading will the water level in the cylinder rise?You want to make a rectangular box that weighs 2.0 pounds and floats on water. The width and height of the box are each 5.0 cm long. Choose the minimum length of the box that will keep it afloat of on the water. Assume the density of water is 1 .0 g/cm3. Show all work, and explain in words why you chose your answer. 180 cm 360 cm 9.7 cm 7.3 cm 38 cmUse the information in Table 2.8 to calculate the volume of 50.0 g of each of the following substances. sodium chloride benzene mercury silverUse the information in Table 2.8 to calculate the mass of 50.0 cm3 of each of the following substances. gold Iron lead aluminum97. Indicate the number of significant digits in the answer when each of the following expressions is evaluated (you do not have to evaluate the expression). (6.25)/(74.11143) (1.45)(0.08431)(6.0221023) (4.75512)(9.74441)/(3.14)Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimalnumber. 3.0111023 5.091109 7.2102 1.234105 4.32002104 3.001102 2.9901107 4.2101Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation, rounding off the numbers to three significant digits. 424.6174 0.00078145 26,755 0.0006535 72,5654For the measurement 0.003040 meters, indicate which (if any) zeros are significant and which (if any) are not significant. Account forall five zerosin the measurement, and explain your reasoning.Make the following conversions. 1 .25 in. to feet and to centimeters 2.12 qt to gallons and to liters 2640 ft to miles and to kilometers 1.254 kg lead to its volume in cubic centimeters 250. mL ethanol to its mass in grams 3.5 in.3 of mercury to its volume in milliliters and its mass in kilogramsOn the planet Xgnu, the most common units of length are the blim (for long distances) and the kryll (for shorter distances). Because the Xgnuese have 14 fingers, perhaps it is not surprising that 1400 kryll = 1 blim. Two cities on Xgnu are 36.2 bum apart. What is this distance in kryll? The average Xgnuese is 170 kryll tall. What is this height in bums? This hook is presently being used at Xgnu University. The area of the cover of this book is 72.5 square krylls. What is its area in square bums?You pass a road sign saying “New York 110 km.” If you drive al a constant speed of 100. km/h, how long should it take you to reach New York?Which of the following statements is (are) true? A 1.00-liter bottle contains more soda than a 1.00-quart bottle. A man who is 1.52 m tall is taller than a woman who is 5 ft 3 in. tall. A 335-g container of peanut butter is heavier than a container holding12 pound. A bus moving at a speed of 45 mi/hr is traveling faster than a car moving at 65 kin/hr.Suppose your car is rated at 45 mi/gal for highway use and 38 mi/gal for city driving. If you wanted to write your friend in Spain about your car’s mileage, what ratings in kilometers per liter would you report?106APFor a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be dispensed rather than to count the individual pills. If a single antibiotic capsule weighs 0.65 g, and a pharmacist weighs out 15.6 g of capsules, how many capsules have been dispensed?On the planet Xgnu, the natives have 14 fingers. On the official Xgnuese temperature scale (CX), the boiling point of water (under an atmospheric pressure similar to earth’s) is 140 °X, whereas water freezes at 14 CX. Derive the relationship between °X and °C.For a material to float on the surface of water, the material must have a density less than that of water (1.0 g/mL) and must not react with the water or dissolve in it. A spherical ball has a radius of 0.50 cm and weighs 2.0 g. Will (his ball float or sink when placed in water? (Note: Volume of a sphere=43r3 .)A gas cylinder having a volume of 10.5 L contains 36.8 g of gas. What is the density of the gas?Using Table 2.8, calculate the volume of 25.0 g of each of the following: hydrogen gas (at 1 atmosphere pressure) mercury lead waterEthanol and benzene dissolve in each other. When 100. mL of ethanol is dissolved in 1.00 L of benzene, what is the mass of the mixture? (See Table 2.8.)When 2891 is written in scientific notation, the exponent indicating the power of 10 is .For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific flotation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? 1/103 0.00045 52,550 7.21 1/3For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? 4,915,442 1/1000 0.001 3.75116APFor each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? 55,651 0.000008991 2.04 883,541 0.09814For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? 72.471 0.008941 9.9914 6519 0.000000008715Express each of the following numbers in scientific (exponential) notation. 529 240,000,000 301,000,000,000,000,000 78,444 0.0003442 0.000000000902 0.043 0.0821Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. 2.98105 4.358109 1.9928106 6.021023 1.01101 7.87103 9.87107 3.7899102 1.093101 2.9004100 3.9104 1.904108121AP122AP123APDraw a piece of lab glassware that can appropriately measure the volume of a liquid as 32.87 mL.Which distance is farther, 100 km or 50 mi?1L= ________dm3= ________cm3= ________mLThe volume 0.250 L could also be expressed as mL.The distance 10.5 cm could also be expressed as m.Would an automobile moving at a constant speed of 100 km/h violate a 65-mph speed limit?Which weighs more, 0.001 g of water or 1 mg of water?Which weighs more, 4.25 g of gold or 425 mg of gold?The length 500 m can also be expressed as nm.A perfect cube of unknown elemental composition has a length of 1.40 m on each side. The mass of the cube is 21.57 Mg (megagrams). Using this information and Table 2.8, determine the metal used to prepare the cube.You are working on a project where you need the volume of a box. You take the length, height, and width measurements and then multiply the values together to find the volume. You report the volume of the box as 0.310m3 . If Iwo of your measurements were 0.7 120 m and 0.52458 m, what was the other measurement?Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: This book contains over 500 pages. A mile is just over 5000 ft. A liter is equivalent to 1 .059 qt. The population of the United States is approaching 250 million. A kilogram is 1000 g. The Boeing 747 cruises at around 600 mph.136APRound off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits. 0.75555 to four digits 292.5 to three digits 17.005 to four digits 432.965 to five digits138AP139AP140AP141APA rectangular solid measures 1.0 in by 2.4 mm by 3.9 dm. What is the volume in liters?Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion factor in each case. 8.43 cm to millimeters cm to meters 294.5 nm to centimeters 404.5 m to kilometers m to kilometers 42.2 mm to centimeters 235.3 m to millimeters 903.3 nm to micrometersPerform each of the following conversions, being sure to setup clearly the appropriate conversion factor(s) in each case. 908 oz to kilograms 12.8 L to gallons 125 mL to quarts 2.89 gal to milliliters 4.48 lb to grams 550 mL to quartsThe mean distance from the earth to (he sun ismi. What is this distance in kilometers? in centimeters?Given that one metric ton = 1000 kg, how many metric tons are inlb?Convert the following temperatures to kelvins. 0°C 25°C 37°C 100°C 175°C 212°CCarry out the indicated temperature conversions. 175 °F to kelvins 255 K to Celsius degrees 45 F to Celsius degrees 125 °C to Fahrenheit degreesFor the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. mass = 234 g: volume = 2.2 cm3 mass = 2.34 kg: volume = 2.2 m3 mass = 1.2 lb: volume = 2.1 ft3 mass = 4.3 ton: volume = 54.2 yd3A sample of a liquid solvent has a density of 0.915 g/mL. What is the mass of 85.5 mL of the liquid?An organic solvent has a density of 1.31 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 50.0 g of the liquid?A solid metal sphere has a volume of 4.2 ft3. The mass of the sphere is 155 lb. Find the density of the metal sphere in grains per cubic centimeter.A sample containing 33.42 g of metal pellets is poured into a graduated cylinder initially containing 12.7 mL of water, causing the water level in the cylinder to rise to 21 .6 mL Calculate the density of the metal.154AP155AP156AP157AP158APComplete the following table: Number Exponential Notation Number of Significant Figures 900.0 3007 23,450 270.0 437,000For each of the mathematical expressions given: a. Tell the correct number of significant figures for the answer. b. Evaluate the mathematical expression using correct significant figures in the result. Number of Significant Figures ResultThe longest river in the world is the Nile River with a length of 4145 mi. How long is the Nile in cable lengths, meters, and nautical miles? Use these exact conversions to help solve the problem: ft = 1 fathom fathoms = 1 cable length cable lengths = 1 nautical mile nautical miles = 1 leagueSecretariat is known as the horse with the fastest run in the Kentucky Derby. If Secretariat’s record 1.25-mi run lasted 1 minute 59.2 seconds. What was his average speed in m/s?A friend tells you that it is 69. 1 °F outside. What is this temperature in Celsius?The hottest temperature recorded in the United States is 134 °F in Greenland Ranch, California. The melting point of phosphorus is 44 °C. At this temperature, would phosphorus be a liquid or a solid?The density of osmium (the densest metal) is22.57g/cm3 . What is the mass of a block of osmium with dimensions1.84cm3.61cm2.10cm ?The radius of a neon atom is 69 pm, and its mass is3.351023 g. What is the density of the atom in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3 )? Assume the atom is a sphere with volume =43r3 .Exercise 3.1 Which of the following are physical properties, and which are chemical properties? Gallium metal melts in your hand. Platinum does not react with oxygen at room temperature. The page of the textbook is white. The copper sheets that form the “skin” of the Statue of Liberty have acquired a greenish coating over the years.3.2SCExercise 3.3 Classify each of the following as a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture. maple syrup the oxygen and helium in a scuba tank oil and vinegar salad dressing common salt (sodium chloride)The scanning tunneling microscope allows us to “see” atoms. What if you were sent back in time before the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope? What evidence could you give to support the theory that all matter is made of atoms and molecules?When water boils, you can see bubbles rising to the surface of the water. Of what arc these bubbles made? air hydrogen and oxygen gas oxygen gas water vapor carbon dioxide gasIf you place a glass rod over a burning candle, the glass turns black. What is happening to each of the following (physical change, chemical change. both, or neither) as the candle burns? Explain. the wax the wick the glass rodThe boiling of water is a physical change because the water disappears. physical change because the gaseous water is chemically the same as the liquid. chemical change because heat is needed for the process to occur. chemical change because hydrogen and oxygen gases are formed from water. chemical and physical change. Explain your answer.Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio and a sample of water vapor? Explain.Sketch a magnified view (showing atoms and/or molecules) of each of the following, and explain why the specified type of mixture is a heterogeneous mixture of two different compounds. a homogeneous mixture of an element and a compound.Are all physical changes accompanied by chemical changes? Are all chemical changes accompanied by physical changes? Explain.Why would a chemist find fault with the phrase “pure orange juice”?Are separations of mixtures physical or chemical changes? Explain.Explain the termselement, afoul, and compound. Provide an example and microscopic drawing of each.Mixtures can be classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Compounds cannot be classified in this way. Why not? In your answer, explain what is meant by heterogeneous and homogeneous.11ALQLook at Table 2.8 in your text. How do the densities of gases, liquids, and solids compare with one another? Use microscopic pictures to explain why this is true.Label of the following as an atomic element, a molecular element, or a compound.Match each description below with the following microscopic pictures. More than one picture may fit each description. A picture may be used more than once or not used at all. a gaseous compound a mixture of two gaseous elements a solid element a mixture of gaseous element and a gaseous compound1QAPWhat is the chief factor that determines thephysical slateof a sample of matter?Of the three stales of matter, and are not very compressible.has a definite volume hut takes the shape of its container.Compare and contrast the ease with which molecules are able to move relative to each other in the three states of matter.Matter in the __________ state has no shape and fills completely whatever container holds it.What similarities are there between the solid and liquid states of matter? What differences are there between these two states?A sample of matter that is “rigid” has (stronger/weaker) forces among the particles in the sample than does a sample that is not rigid.Consider three 10-g samples of water: one as ice, one as liquid, and one as vapor. How do the volumes of these three samples compare with one another? How is this difference in volume related to the physical state involved?¡n a sample of a gaseous substance, more than 99% of the overall volume of the sample is empty space. How is this fact reflected in the properties of a gaseous substance compared with the properties of a liquid or solid substance?Elemental bromine is a dense, dark-red, pungent-smelling liquid. Are these characteristics of elemental bromine physical or chemical properties?Is the process represented below a physical or chemical change? (For Exercises 1314) Magnesium metal is very malleable and is able to be pounded and stretched into long, thin, narrow “ribbons” that are often used in the introductory chemistry lab as a source of the metal. If a strip of magnesium ribbon is ignited in a Bunsen burner flame, the magnesium burns brightly and produces a quantity of white magnesium oxide powder.From the information given above, indicate onechemicalproperty of magnesium metal.14QAPYou want to cook some raw noodles to make a pasta dish for supper. So, you turn on the gas stovetop (which uses a flame), place a large pot of water over the flame, wait for the water to boil, place the noodles ¡n the boiling water for 11 minutes, and then drain the water from the noodles. Identify one example of a physical change and one example of a chemical change in this process. Explain your answer for each.Which of the following is/are examples of a chemical change? carving Wood snow melting dry ice subliming (solid CO2 vaporizing into a gas, Passing the liquid state) burning cookies in the ovenClassify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. Oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide, which converts the grease/oil spatters inside the oven to water-soluble materials, which can be washed away. A rubber band stretches when you pull on it. A cast-iron frying pan will rust if it is not dried after washing. Concentrated hydrochloric acid has a choking, pungent odor. Concentrated hydrochloric acid will burn a hole in cotton jeans because the acid breaks down the cellulose fibers in cotton. Copper compounds often form beautiful blue crystals when a solution of a given copper compound is evaporated slowly. Copper metal combines with substances in the air 10 form a green “patina” that protects the copper from further reaction. Bread turns brown when you heat it in a toaster. When you use the perfume your boyfriend gave you for your birthday, the liquid of the perfume evaporates quickly from your skin. If you leave your steak on the gas grill tot) long, the steak will turn black and char. Hydrogen peroxide fizzes when it is applied to a cut or scrape.Classify each of the following as aphysical or chemicalchange or property. A fireplace poker glows red when you heat it in the fire. A marshmallow turns black when toasted Loo long in a campfire. Hydrogen peroxide dental strips will make your teeth whiter. If you wash your jeans with chlorine bleach, they will fade. If you spill some nail polish remover on your skin, it will evaporate quickly. When making ice cream at home, salt is added Lo lower the temperature of the ice being used to freeze the mixture. A hair clog in your bathroom sink drain can be cleared with drain cleaner. The perfume your boyfriend gave you for your birthday smells like flowers. Mothballs pass directly into the gaseous state in your closet without first melting. A log of wood is chopped up with an axe into smaller pieces of wood. A log of wood is burned in a fireplace.19QAPWhat is acompound? What are compounds composed of? What is true about the composition of a compound, no matter where we happen to find the compound?Certain elements have special affinities for other elements. This causes them to bind together in special ways to form ._________ can he broken down into the component elements by chemical changes.The composition of a given pure compound is always no matter what the source of the compound.Which of the following are considered compounds (as opposed to elements)? He F2 HCI S8If iron filings are placed with excess powdered sulfur in a beaker, the iron filings are still attracted by a magnet and could be separated from the sulfur with the magnet. Would this combination of iron and sulfur represent amixtureor apure substance?If the combination of iron filings and sulfur in Question 25 is heated strongly, the iron reacts with the sulfur to form a solid that is no longer attracted by the magnet. Would this still represent a “mixture”? Why or why not?27QAPWhich of the following substances is(are) homogeneous mixture(s)? chocolate chip cookie iodine crystals (12) air (in this room) gasoline (for a car) sucrose,C12H22O11 (commonly found in table sugar)Classify the following asmixturesorpure substances. the vegetable soup you had for lunch the fertilizer your dad spreads on the front lawn in the spring the salt you sprinkle on your French fries the hydrogen peroxide you cleaned a cut linger withClassify the following asmixturesorpure substances. a multivitamin tablet the blue liquid in your car’s windshield reservoir a ham and cheese omelet a diamondClassify the following mixtures asheterogeneousorhomogeneous. soil mayonnaise Italian salad dressing the wood from which the desk you are studying on is made sand at the beachRead the “Chemistry in Focus” segmentConcrete—An Ancient Material Made Newand classify concrete as an element, a mixture, or a compound. Defend your answer.33QAPDescribe how the process offiltrationcould be used to separate a mixture into its components. Give an example.In a common laboratory experiment in general chemistry, students are asked to determine the relative amounts of benzoic acid and charcoal in a solid mixture. Benzoic acid is relatively soluble in hot water, hut charcoal is not. Devise a method for separating the two components of this mixture.During a filtration or distillation experiment, we separate a mixture into its individual components. Do the chemical identities of the components of the mixture change during such a process? Explain.37APClassify each of the following as a(n) element, compound, pure substance, homogeneous mixture, and/or heterogeneous mixture. More than one classification is possible, and not all of them may be used. calcium carbonate(CaCO3) iron water you regularly drink (from your faucet or a bottle)1f a piece of hard, white blackboard chalk is heated strongly in a flame, the mass of the piece of chalk will decrease, and eventually the chalk will crumble into a white dust. Does this change suggest that the chalk is composed of an element or a compound?During a very cold winter, the temperature may remain below freezing for extended periods. However, fallen snow can still disappear, even though it cannot melt. This is possible because a solid can vaporize directly, without passing through the liquid state. Is this process (sublimation) a physical or a chemical change?41APTrue or false? Salad dressing (such as oil and vinegar dressing) separating into layers after standing is an example of a chemical change because the end result looks different from how it started. Explain your answer.43APWhich of (he following are true? P4 is considered a compound. Metal rusting on a car is a chemical change. Dissolving sugar in water is a chemical change. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a homogeneous mixture.(For Exercises 4546) Solutions containing nickel(II) ion are usually bright green in color. When potassium hydroxide is added to such a nickel(II) solution, a pale-green fluffy solid forms and settles out of the solution. The fact that a reaction takes place when potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of nickel(II) ions is an example of a properly. . The fact that a solution of nickel(II) ion is bright green is an example of a property.(For Exercises 4546) Solutions containing nickel(II) ion are usually bright green in color. When potassium hydroxide is added to such a nickel(II) solution, a pale-green fluffy solid forms and settles out of the solution. The fact that a reaction takes place when potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of nickel(II) ions is an example of a properly. . The fact that a solution of nickel(II) ion is bright green is an example of a property.The processes of melting and evaporation involve changes in the of a substance.A(n) always has the same composition.Classify each of the following as aphysicalorchemicalchange or property. Milk curdles if a few drops of lemon juice are added to it. Butter turns rancid if it is left exposed at room temperature. Salad dressing separates into layers after standing. Milk of magnesia neutralizes stomach acid. The steel in a car has rust spots. A person is asphyxiated by breathing carbon monoxide. Sulfuric acid spilled on a laboratory notebook page causes the paper to char and disintegrate. Sweat cools the body as the sweat evaporates from the skin. Aspirin reduces fever. Oil feels slippery. Alcohol hums, forming carbon dioxide and water.Which of the following contains an element, a compound, and a mixture? copper, silicon dioxide(SiO2) , copper(II) sulfate(CuSO4) hydrogen, carbon dioxide(CO2) , water(H2O) chili, pizza, steak sodium, sodium chloride (NaCl). salt water nitrogen, argon, airClassify the following mixtures ashomogeneousorheterogeneous. potting soil white wine your sock drawer window glass graniteWhich of the following best describes the air around you on a typical day? (Assume the air is made up of ~80% nitrogen and ~20% oxygen. Ignore other gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide.). Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases because it generally contains the same ratio of gaseous substances from one region to another. Air is a heterogeneous mixture of gases because it contains different gaseous substances in unequal amounts. Air is a pure substance because it always has the same composition. Air is a compound because it is made up of nitrogen and oxygen, which are different elements. Air is an element because it contains nitrogen and oxygen, which are found in the periodic table.Give three examples each ofheterogeneousmixtures andhomogeneousflux lures.