Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
1RQWhat is the largest dimension of which you have personal sensory experience? Have you ever hiked 10 miles? Run a marathon? Driven across a continent? Flown to the opposite side of Earth?What is the difference between the Solar System, the Galaxy, and the Universe?What is the difference between the Moon and a moon?Why do astronomers now label Pluto a dwarf planet?Why are light-years more convenient than miles, kilometers, or AU for measuring the distances to stars and galaxies?Why is it difficult to detect planets orbiting other stars?8RQWhat is the difference between the Milky Way and the Milky Way Galaxy?What are the Milky Way Galaxys spiral arms?11RQWhere are you in the Universe? If you had to give directions to your location in the Universe, what directions would you give?13RQ14RQ15RQHow do we know? How does the scientific method give scientists a way to know about nature?The equatorial diameter of Earth is 7928 miles. If a mile equals 1.609 km, what is Earths diameter in kilometers? In centimeters?The equatorial diameter of the Moon is 3476 kilometers. If a kilometer equals 0.6214 miles, what is the Moons diameter in miles?One astronomical unit (AU) is about 1.5 108 km. Explain why this is the same as 150 106 km.A typical galaxy is shown on the first page of the Universe Bowl on the inside cover of the printed book. Express the number of stars in this typical galaxy in scientific notation.The time of the Cambrian explosion is listed on the second page of the Universe Bowl on the inside cover of the printed book. Express that time in scientific notation.Venus orbits 0.72 AU from the Sun. What is that distance in kilometers? (Hint: See Problem 3.)Light from the Sun takes 8 minutes to reach Earth. How long does it take to reach Mars, 1.5 AU from the Sun?The Sun is almost 400 times farther from Earth than is the Moon. How long does light from the Moon take to reach Earth?If the speed of light is 3.0 105 km/s, how many kilometers are in a light-year? How many meters? (Hint: First look up or calculate how many seconds are in a year.)10PHow long does it take light to cross the diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy?The nearest galaxy to our home galaxy is about 2.5 million light- years away. How many meters is that?How many galaxies like our own would it take if they were placed edge-to-edge to reach the nearest galaxy? (Hint: See Problems 11 and 12.)Arrange the following in order of increasing size: Earth; the Sun; Earths orbit around the Sun; the Moon; you; the Milky Way Galaxy; the Moons orbit around Earth2SOPThe Sun is roughly 100 times the diameter of Earth. Which of the following distances is roughly 100 times the diameter of the Sun? radius of the Milky Way Galaxy; radius of the Moon; radius of Earths orbit around the Sun; radius of the Moons orbit around Earth4SOPLook at the center of Figure 14. Approximately what time of day is it at that location? Sunrise? Sunset? Noontime? Midnight? How do you know?Look at Figure 1-6. How can you tell that Mercury does not follow a circular orbit?3LTLLook at Figure 1-9. Would you say that the distribution of stars is uniform in this field of view, 17 ly across? Compare with Figure 1-10, 1700 ly across. Now look at Figure 1-12; would you say that the distribution of galaxies is uniform in this field of view, 17 million ly across? Compare with Figure 1-13, 1.7 billion ly across.Of the objects listed here, which would be contained inside the object shown in the accompanying photograph? Which would contain the object in the photo? star planet galaxy cluster supercluster filament spiral arm6LTLWhy are most of the constellations that were invented in modern times composed of faint stars or located in the southern sky?2RQWhich is the asterism and which is the constellation: Orion and Orions belt? Name another asterism/constellation combination.4RQ5RQWhat does the word apparent mean in apparent visual magnitude?7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQWhy doesnt a magnitude difference of one mean that the corresponding flux ratio is also one?12RQIn what ways is the celestial sphere a scientific model?Is the precessing top shown in Figure 2-7a an example of a scientific model? If so, which parts of the model are true and which parts are not necessarily true?How would you define the celestial poles and equator if Earth did not rotate but kept one hemisphere constantly facing the Sun during its yearly orbit?Where would you need to go on Earth to see the celestial equator very near your horizon?Where would you go on Earth if you wanted to be able to see both the north celestial pole and the south celestial pole at the same time?Your zenith is at your east point and your nadir is at your west point. Are you sitting, squatting, standing, lying facedown on the ground, or lying faceup on the ground? If your arms are outstretched and perpendicular to your body, in which direction(s) are your arms pointing?Why does the number of circumpolar constellations depend on the latitude of the observer?Explain two reasons winter days are colder than summer days.How does the date of the beginning of summer in Earths Southern Hemisphere differ from the date in the Northern Hemisphere?If it is the first day of spring in your hemisphere, what day is it in the opposite hemisphere?It is the first day of summer. Will the days start getting longer tomorrow, start getting shorter tomorrow, or will the Sun stay up in the sky tomorrow for as long as it did today?How much flux from the Sun does the Northern Hemisphere of Earth receive compared to the Southern Hemisphere on the first day of fall at noon?Why does the eccentric shape of Earths orbit make winter in Earths Northern Hemisphere different from winter in Earths Southern Hemisphere?How Do We Know? How can a scientific model be useful if it is not a true description of nature?How Do We Know? Why is astrology a pseudoscience?How Do We Know? Why must a scientific argument dealing with some aspect of nature take all of the known evidence into account?1P2P3P4P5P6PIf two stars differ by 8 magnitudes, what is their flux ratio?8P9PBy what factor is the full moon brighter than Venus at its brightest? (Hint: Refer to Figure 2-6.)What is the angular distance from the north celestial pole to the point on the sky called the vernal equinox? To the summer solstice?If you are at latitude 40 degrees north of Earths equator, what is the angular distance from the northern horizon up to the north celestial pole? From the southern horizon down to the south celestial pole?If you are at latitude 30 degrees north of Earths equator, what is the angular distance from your zenith to the north celestial pole? From your nadir to the north celestial pole?How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earths axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earths orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earths axis precess, nod, and Earths orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 211?Arrange the following in order of increasing apparent brightness: Sirius; a full moon: Polaris; Venus; the Sun; the faintest star you can see without a telescopeArrange the following in order of increasing length of time: one precession cycle; one rotation of Earth; one revolution of Earth around the Sun; one revolution of the Moon around Earth; any one of Earths four seasonsFind the Big Dipper in the star trails photograph on the left side of The Sky Around You.Look at The Sky Around You, item 1a. In the looking south illustration, is Canis Major a circumpolar constellation? Why or why not?Look at the view from Earth on March 1 in Figure 2-9, shown here. Is the view from Earths nighttime side or daytime side? How do you know? Which asterism or constellation is shown in this image?Look at Figure 2-9, shown here. If you see Sagittarius high in your night sky on June 20 and today is your birthday, what is your zodiac constellation?Why are most of the constellations that were invented in modern times composed of faint stars or located in the southern sky?2RQWhich is the asterism and which is the constellation: Orion and Orions belt? Name another asterism/constellation combination.4RQ5RQWhat does the word apparent mean in apparent visual magnitude?7RQ8RQ9RQCould a solar powered spacecraft generate any electricity while passing through Earths umbral shadow? Through Earths penumbral shadow?If a lunar eclipse occurred at midnight, where in the sky would you look to see it?If Earth had no atmosphere, what color would the eclipsed moon appear in the sky?If the Moon orbited Earth from North Pole to South Pole instead of near the ecliptic, would lunar and solar eclipses still occur? Would the moon phase still have to be full or new?Why do solar eclipses happen only at new moon? Why not every new moon?Why isnt the corona visible during partial or annular solar eclipses?Which has the larger angular diameter in the skythe Sun or Moonduring an annular eclipse? If you wanted to be in the umbra, where would you have to physically be located to see this annular eclipse as a total solar eclipse?What is the angular diameter of the Moon in the third-quarter phase? What is the shortest/longest angular distance from the horizon to the Moon in the third-quarter phase when the time is midnight or noon?Why cant the Moon be eclipsed when it is halfway between the nodes of its orbit?Why are solar eclipses separated by one Saros cycle not visible from the same location on Earth?How could Thales of Miletus have predicted the date of a solar eclipse without observing the location of the Moon in the sky?Will an eclipse occur in February 2025? In July 2028? If so, what kind?How do we know? Some people think science is like a grinder that cranks data into hypotheses. What would you tell them about the need for scientists to be creative and imaginative?Pretend the Moons orbit around Earth is a perfect circle. How long does it take in units of days for the Moon to move 90 degrees relative to the stars? Is this number dependent on the synodic period or the sidereal period?Identify the phases of the Moon if on March 20 the Moon is located at the point on the ecliptic called: (a) the vernal equinox, (b) the autumnal equinox, (c) the summer solstice, (d) the winter solstice.Identify the phases of the Moon if at sunset in the Northern Hemisphere the Moon is: (a) near the eastern horizon, (b) high in the southern sky, (c) in the southeastern sky, (d) in the southwestern sky.What fraction of the Moons surface area is the far side? Of the near side of a third-quarter moon, what fraction is dark? What fraction of the far side is in the dark that cannot be seen by an observer from Earth viewing the Moon in its third-quarter phase?About how many days must elapse between first-quarter moon and third-quarter moon in the same cycle?Tonight you see a waning crescent in the night sky. A few days later, the night is once again clear and you see a waning crescent. How many degrees did the Moon advance in its orbit during this time frame?If on March 1 the Moon is full and is near Famous Star Spica, when will the Moon next be near Spica? When will it next be full? Are these values the same? Why or why not?How many times larger than the Moon is the diameter of Earths umbral shadow at the Moon's distance? (Hint: See the photo in Figure 3-4.)Use the small-angle formula to calculate the angular diameter of Earth as seen from the Moon. (Note: The linear diameter of Earth is 12,700 km.)10PAt perigee, the Moon is closer than average by 21,100 km. At apogee, the Moon is further than average by 21,100 km. Is the angular diameter more or less at perigee than apogee? What is the angular diameter of the Moon at perigee? At apogee? By how much greater a percentage is the angular diameter larger or smaller at perigee than at the average distance? At apogee? (Hint: The Moons average distance from Earth is given in this chapter.)Examine the list of upcoming lunar eclipses in Table 3-1. What fraction of years have two eclipses?13PIf a solar eclipse occurs on October 3: (a) Why cant there be a lunar eclipse on October 13 of that same year? (b) Why cant there be a solar eclipse on December 28 of that same year?A total eclipse of the Sun was visible from Canada on July 10, 1972. When did an eclipse occur next with the same EarthMoonSun geometry? From what part of Earth was it total?16PWhen will the eclipse seasons occur during the current year? How many total of all types will occur? Which type of eclipse(s) will occur?Examine Figure 3-16. List the letter S for each total or annular solar eclipse that occurs from July 2019 through July 2028 in chronological order. When only a lunar eclipse occurs, put N for the word none. Do you see a pattern? If so, identify it and predict the next two letters.Arrange the following in order of increasing length: one year; one Saros cycle; one revolution of the Moon around Earth; a lunar eclipse from start to finish; totality as seen from a single location on Earth during a solar eclipse2SOPLook at the Chapter 2 Concept Art: The Sky Around You. What phase of the Moon is the woman viewing?To take the photos that are combined on the opening page of this chapter, was the photographer located on the day, or night, side of Earth? Was the photographer in Earths umbra, penumbra, or both?Look at the Chapter 3 Concept Art: The Phases of the Moon. Find the person looking at the third-quarter phase of the Moon at sunrise. What percentage of the near side of the Moon is illuminated? Likewise, what percentage is in the dark? Repeat the exercise for the new phase of the Moon.Look at the Chapter 3 Concept Art: The Phases of the Moon. Find the waxing gibbous phase of the Moon. If this phase could be seen at its highest point in your winter sky, is it daytime or nighttime? Approximately what time is it? At approximately what time did that phase rise over the eastern horizon? At approximately what time will that phase set over your western horizon? Repeat the exercise for the waning crescent phase.Use the photos in Figure 3-1 as evidence to show that the Moon always keeps the same side facing Earth.6LTL7LTL8LTLWhat evidence of the Saros cycle can you see in Figure 3-16? Figure 3 16 A calendar of eclipse seasons: Each year the eclipse seasons begin about 19 days earlier than in the previous year. Any new moon or full moon that occurs during an eclipse season results in an eclipse. Only total and annular eclipses are shown here.The accompanying cartoon shows a crescent moon. Explain why the Moon could never look this way at night. New Yorker collection 2006 Tom Cheney from car toonbank.com All Rights ReservedThis photo shows the annular eclipse of May 30, 1984. How is it different from the annular eclipse shown in Figure 3-10c? Figure 310 (a) Because the angular diameter of the Moon and the Sun vary slightly, the disk of the Moon is sometimes too small to cover the disk of the Sun. (b) That means the umbra of the Moon does not reach Earth, and the eclipse is annular, meaning a ring ("annulus") of the Sun's disk can be seen around the Moon. (c) In this photograph of an annular eclipse in 1994, the dark disk of the Moon is almost exactly centered on the bright disk of the Sun.1RQWhy did early human cultures observe astronomical phenomena? Was it for scientific research?3RQName one example each of a famous politician, mathematician, philosopher, observer, and theoretician in this chapter.Why did Plato propose that all heavenly motion was uniform and circular?On what did Plato base his knowledge? Was it opinions, policies, marketing, public relations, myths, evidence, hypotheses, beliefs, laws, principles, theories? On what do modern astronomers base their knowledge?Which two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes did Plato and Aristotle consider perfect? Give an example of a 2D and 3D nonperfect geometrical shape.Are the spheres of Eudoxus a scientific model? If so, is it entirely true?In Ptolemys model, how do the epicycles of Mercury and Venus differ from those of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn?Describe in detail the motions of the planets according to Ptolemy.In Ptolemys model, which of the followingepicycle, equant, or deferenttravels in uniform circular motion as viewed from a particular point? Name and describe that point. Are these uniform circular motions at the same speeds and in the same directions?Why did Copernicus have to keep small epicycles in his model? Which planet has the longest duration of retrograde motion as viewed from Earth? The shortest?Was the belief held by ancient astronomers that the Moon and Sun are unblemished a paradigm, a scientific revolution, or neither?When Tycho observed the new star of 1572, he could detect no parallax. Why did that undermine belief in the Ptolemaic system? In the perfect heavens idea of Aristotle?Assume the night is clear and the Moons phase is full so you can see it all night long. Why would you expect the Moon to show parallax during the night? How would you measure it?Does Tychos model of the Universe explain the phases of Venus that Galileo observed? Why or why not?Name an empirical law. Why is it considered empirical?How does Keplers first law of planetary motion overthrow one of the basic beliefs of classical astronomy? How about Keplers second law?When Mercury is at aphelion (farthest from the Sun) in Figure 4-13a, compare a, the semi major axis, to r, the distance from the Sun to Mercury. Is a greater than r, or less than r, or equal to r?20RQWhat is P for Earth? What is a for Earth? Do these values support or disprove Keplers third law?Based Figure 4-13c, do planets with larger a take longer, shorter, or the same time to orbit the Sun?How did the Alfonsine Tables, the Prutenic Tables, and the Rudolphine Tables differ?Explain how each of Galileos telescopic discoveries contradicted the Ptolemaic theory.How did discovery of the Galilean moons disprove Platos and Aristotles perfect heavens first principle(s)?26RQHow Do We Know? Describe the differences between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law. Give an example of each.Draw and label a diagram of the western horizon from northwest to southwest and label the setting points of the Sun at the solstices and equinoxes for a person in the Northern Hemisphere. (Hint: See Figure 3 in the Chapter 2 Concept Art: The Sky Around You and Figure 4-1.)If you lived on Mars, which planets would exhibit retrograde motion like that observed for Mars from Earth? Which would never be visible as crescent phases?How long does it take for one retrograde cycle of Mars as viewed from Earth, and in which direction is the retrograde motion? What fraction of Marss orbit around the Sun is the duration of retrograde motion as viewed from Earth?If a planet has an average distance from the Sun of 2.0 AU, what is its orbital period?If a space probe is sent into an orbit around the Sun that brings it as close as 0.4 AU and as far away as 5.4 AU, is the orbit a circle or an ellipse? What will be its orbital period?Uranus orbits the Sun with a period of 84.0 years. What is its average distance from the Sun?An object takes 29.5 years to orbit the Sun. What is its average distance from the Sun?One planet is three times farther from the Sun than another. Will the farther planet take more, less, or the same amount of time to orbit the Sun? Will the closer planet orbit slower, faster, or the same speed? How much longer will the farther planet take to orbit than the closer planet? If the closer planet is located at 10 AU, how far is the farther planet, and what are the two planet's names?Galileos telescope showed him that Venus has a large angular diameter (61 arc seconds) when it is a crescent and a small angular diameter (10 arc seconds) when it is nearly full. Use the small-angle formula to find the ratio of its maximum to minimum distance from Earth. Is this ratio compatible with the Ptolemaic universe shown in Figure 3b of the Chapter 4 Concept Art: An Ancient Model of the Universe?Which is the phase of Venus when it is closest? Which when farthest? How do you know?Galileos telescopes were not of high quality by modern standards. He was able to see the moons of Jupiter, but he never reported seeing features on Mars. Use the small-angle formula to find the angular diameter of Mars when it is closest to Earth. How does that compare with the maximum angular diameter of Jupiter?Arrange the following in order of increasing distance from Earth according to the geocentric model of the Universe: Jupiter, Mercury, the Sun, Venus, Mars, Saturn, the starsArrange the following in order of increasing distance from the Sun according to the heliocentric model of the Universe: Jupiter, Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars, Saturn, the stars1LTLStudy Figures 4-11 and 4-16 and describe the phases that Venus would have displayed to Galileos telescope if the Tychonic universe had been correct. Figure 4-11 Tychos model of the Universe retained the first principles of classical astronomy; it was geocentric with the Sun and Moon revolving around Earth, but the planets revolved around the Sun. All motion was along circular paths. Figure 4-16 (a) If Venus moved in an epicycle centered on the Earth-Sun line (see Figure 3b in the Chapter 2 Concept Art: An Ancient Model of the Universe), it would always appear as a crescent. (b) Galileo observed through his telescope that Venus goes through a full set of phases, proving that it must orbit the Sun.What three astronomical objects are represented here? What are the two rings?Use the figure below to explain how the Ptolemaic model treated some planets differently from the rest. How did the Copernican model treat all of the planets the same?According to the Aristotle, if earth and water were displaced then they would return naturally to their proper place. Today, what do we call this Aristotelean natural motion?Today, what do we call the Aristotelean violent motion?Which of Keplers or Newtons laws best describes Aristotelean violent motions?Why would Aristotles explanation of gravity not work if Earth is not the center of the Universe?According to the principles of Aristotle, what part of the motion of a baseball pitched across home plate is natural motion? What part is violent motion?If you drop a feather and a steel hammer at the same moment, they should hit the ground at the same instant. Why doesnt this work on Earth, and why does it work on the Moon? Will it work Phobos, a moon of Mars?What is the difference between mass and weight?When a person says he gained weight, does he mean that he gained in mass, gravity, or both mass and gravity?An astronaut working in space near the International Space Station says she feels weightless. What does she mean? Does the astronaut not have weight?What is the difference between speed and velocity?A car is on a circular off ramp of an interstate and is traveling at exactly 25 mph around the curve. Does the car have velocity? Does the car have acceleration? Is the car decelerating?How many accelerators does a car have? What are they?You put your astronomy textbook and your No. 2 pencil on a ceramic tile floor, and you blow on each. Which has more inertiathe pencil, the textbook, or neither? Why? Which has more momentum? Why?An astronaut is in space with a baseball and a bowling ball. The astronaut gives both objects an equal push in the same direction. Does the baseball have the same inertia as the bowling ball? Why? Does the baseball have the same acceleration as the bowling ball from the push? Why? If both balls are traveling at the same speed, does the baseball have the same momentum as the bowling ball?You are at a red light in your car. The red light turns green, and you take your foot off the brake and step on the gas pedal, without turning the steering wheel. The speedometer changes from 0 to 20 mph in 3 seconds. In those 3 seconds, did the car change velocity? Is that an acceleration? Now, at a constant speed of 20 mph, you make a right turn. Is that an acceleration?You weigh 100 pounds, your friend weighs 200 pounds, and you are in an arm wrestling contest with each other. Neither person is winning, but each of you is struggling to push the others forearm over to the tabletop. Which of Newtons laws applies to this scenario and why? Now in one swift motion you plant your friends forearm on the table, winning the contest. Which of Newtons laws applies to this motion and why?Why did Newton conclude that some force had to pull the Moon toward Earth?Why did Newton conclude that gravity has to be mutual and universal?19RQYou are sitting next to a person who has twice as much weight. Are you gravitationally attracted to them? If so, is it twice as much as their attraction to you? If not, why not?You are sitting next to a person who has twice as much weight. You get up and move one seat over, doubling your distance from them. Did the gravitational force between you increase, decrease, or stay the same?You are sitting next to a person who has twice as much weight as you do. A friend comes by and gives you a marshmallow, and you eat it. Did the gravitational force between you and your friend increase, decrease, or stay the same? Why?How does the concept of a field explain action at a distance? Name another kind of field also associated with action at a distance.Why cant a spacecraft go beyond Earths gravity?25RQBalance a pencil lengthwise on the side of your finger. Where is the center of mass? Balance a pencil widthwise (for example, on the eraser side) on your finger. Where is the center of mass? Is the center of mass a plane, sphere, circle, point, or a line?27RQWhy cant you leave Earths gravitational field when jumping vertically?According to Keplers first law, planets move in elliptical orbits. Why is that considered accelerated motion? According to Newton, what is the force causing that acceleration?How do planets orbiting the Sun and skaters doing a spin both conserve angular momentum?If a planet were to slowly migrate inward toward the Sun while remaining in a stable orbit, would its orbital speed increase, decrease, or stay the same? Would its angular momentum change? Which of Keplers laws or Newtons version of Keplers laws does this scenario describe?If you hold this textbook out at shoulder height and let go, at the instant you let go, does the book have potential energy? Kinetic energy?Today at the beach you see the highest of all high tides during the last month. You see the Moon in the daytime sky. What is the most likely Moon phase? Why?Why is the period of an open orbit undefined?In what conditions do Newtons laws of motion and gravity need to be modified?36RQWhen you ride a fast elevator upward, you feel slightly heavier as the trip begins and slightly lighter as the trip ends. How is this phenomenon related to the equivalence principle?38RQHow is gravity related to acceleration? Are all accelerations the result of gravity?Near a massive planet, is gravitational acceleration large or small? Is space strongly curved, or not? What about near a small marble?41RQHow Do We Know? Why is it important that a theory make testable predictions?An astronomy textbook is to be dropped from a tall building on Earth. One second after dropped, what are the textbooks speed, velocity, and acceleration? After 2 seconds? After 3 seconds? The book hits the ground; what are the books speed, velocity, and acceleration?Compared to the strength of Earths gravity at its surface r=RE where RE is the radius of Earth, how much weaker is gravity at a distance of r=10RE? At r = 20 RE?Compare the force of gravity on a 1 kg mass on the Moons surface with the force that mass on Earths surface. Which force is greater, why, and by how much?4PThe International Space Station is in orbit around Earth at a distance r from the center of Earth. A recent addition increased the Stations mass by a factor of 3. Did Earths gravitational force on the Station increase, decrease, or stay the same? If it changes, by how much?If a small lead ball falls from a high tower on Earth, what will be its velocity after 2 seconds? After 4 seconds?What is the circular velocity of an Earth satellite 1000 km above Earths surface? (Note: Earths average radius is 6370 km. Hint: Convert all quantities to m, kg, s.)What is the circular velocity of an Earth satellite 36,000 km above Earths surface? What is its orbital period? (Note: Earths average radius is 6370 km. Hint: Convert all quantities to m, kg, s.)What is the orbital speed at Earths surface? Ignore atmospheric friction. (Note: Earths average radius is 6370 km. Hint: Convert all quantities to m, kg, s.)Describe the shape of the orbit followed by the slowest cannonball in Figure 3 of the Concept Art, pretending that the cannonball could pass freely through Earth. (Newton got this problem wrong the first time he tried to solve it.)11PWhat is the orbital period of a satellite orbiting just above the surface of the asteroid in Problem 11?13P14PA moon of Jupiter takes 1.8 days to orbit at a distance of 4.2 105 km from the center of the planet. What is the total mass of Jupiter plus this moon? (Note: One day is 86,400 seconds.)Arrange the following motions in order of increasing velocity: orbit of Earth around the Sun; an orbit around Earth near Earths surface; an object just barely escaping Earth; orbit of the Moon around Earth; orbit of a geosynchronous satelliteArrange the following motions in order of increasing acceleration: a dragster car; an object dropped off a cliff near the top of Mt. Everest; an object dropped by an astronaut standing on the Moon; an object dropped from the top of a New York City skyscraperWhy can the object shown here be bolted in place and used 24 hours a day without adjustment?What is the flux at position 2 compared to position 1 in Figure 5-5? How does the distance from the center to position 2 compare with the distance to position 1?Why is it a little bit misleading to say that this astronaut is weightless?Does light include radio waves? Explain your answer.2RQ3RQ4RQDoes red light have a higher or lower energy than blue light? Does red light have higher or lower frequency than blue light? Does red light have a longer or shorter wavelength than blue light?6RQ7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQ12RQ13RQ14RQ15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQ19RQWhat is the role of prisms and gratings in spectrographs?21RQ22RQ23RQ24RQPlastic bags have a thickness about 0.001 mm. How many wave-lengths of red light is that?What is the wavelength of radio waves transmitted by a radio station with a frequency of 100 million cycles per second?What is the frequency and wavelength of an FM radio station on your radio dial at 102.2?4P5P6P7P8PIn general, does a telescope resolve a close double star, such as in Figure 6-9b, better at blue wavelengths or red? How do you know?10P11P12P13P14P15P1SOP2SOP2LTL3LTLDid the magnification, resolving, or light-gathering power change from the left image to the right image in Figure 6-23a? How do you know?Explain what is meant by intensity in the single-wavelength false-color representation of Figure 6-21b. Would you have selected this false-color code pattern, or would you have selected red to represent a wavelength with low intensity?6LTLThe star images in this photo are tiny disks, but the diameters of these disks are not related to the diameter of the stars. Explain why the telescope cant resolve the diameter of the stars. What causes the apparent diameters of the stars?8LTL1RQ2RQ3RQ4RQ5RQ6RQ