Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Inquiry into Physics
Describe the basic tenets or principles on which the metric system is based.What were the first standards of mass and length specified under the metric system originally adopted into law in France in 1795?The original “clock” used to define the length of the second was the daily rotation of Earth about its axis. Why has this clock been replaced by one based on the oscillation period of light waves emitted by atoms like cesium and rubidium?What is a leap second, and why w it introduced into timekeeping practices by scientists in the 1 970s?To what extent was Aristotle’s model of falling bodies correct? How was it wrong?Describe two major discoveries or contributions that Galileo made to science and the study of mechanics.Consider Concept Map 1,1, which provides an overview of motion. Review Sections 1,2 and 1,3 and make a list of at least five additional concepts you could add to the map. Now consider where to place these concepts on the map. Keep in mind that general, more inclusive concepts go towards the top, whereas more specific ideas and examples go toward the bottom. Place your concepts on the map. Draw the possible connections between your five new concepts and the rest of the map. Remember to use "linking words'' to create propositions and to express your ideas clearly. When you've finished updating your map, compare your revised concept map with that of a classmate's. Are they identical? Would you expect them to be?2MIO(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Two rectangular rugs are on display in a showroom. If one rug is twice as long as the other, does this necessarily mean that its area is also twice as large as that of the second? Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Explain what a "derived unit'' of measure is.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A pendulum clock is taken to a repair shop. Its pendulum is replaced by a shorter one that oscillates with a smaller period than the original. What effect, if any, does this have on how the clock runs?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What are the "basic" or "fundamental" physical quantities? Why are they called that?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A wind is blowing from the north (the air is moving toward the south). When a person is walking toward the north, is the relative speed of the wind that the person senses greater than, the same as, or less than the speed the person senses when not walking? How about when the person is walking toward the south?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Scenes in films or television programs sometimes show people jumping off moving trains and having unpleasant encounters with the ground. If someone is on a moving flatbed train car and wishes to jump off, how could the person use the concept of relative speed to make a safer dismount?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) List the physical quantities identified in this chapter. From which of the fundamental physical quantities is each derived? Which of them are vectors, and which are scalars?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What is the distinction between speed and velocity? Describe a situation in which an object's speed is constant but its velocity is not.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A ball thrown at a brick wall bounces directly back with the same speed it had when it struck the wall. Has the velocity of the ball changed? Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . What is "Vector addition'' and how is it done?11Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) - A swimmer heads for me opposite bank of a river. Make a sketch showing the swimmer's two velocities and the resultant velocity.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . A basketball player shoots a Free throw. Make a sketch showing the basketball's velocity just after the ball leaves the player's hands. Draw in two components of this velocity, one horizontal and one vertical. Repeat the sketch for the instant just before the ball reaches the basket. What is different?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . What is the relationship between velocity and acceleration?15Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 16. How does the velocity of a freely falling body change with time? How does the distance it has fallen change? How about the acceleration?17Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . What is centripetal acceleration? What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration of a car going around a curve?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . During 200-meter and 400-meter races, runners must stay in lanes as they go around a curved part of the track. If runners in two different lanes have exactly the same speed, will they also have exactly the same centripetal acceleration as they go around a curve? Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . As a car goes around a curve, the driver increases its speed. This means the car has two accelerations. What are the directions of these two accelerations?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . The following are speeds and headings displayed on a GPS receiver, (Heading gives the direction of motion based on north = 0°, east = 90°, south = 180°, etc,) In each case, indicate whether the receiver was accelerating during the time between the displays and, if it was, describe in what way the receiver was accelerating. (a) Initially: 60 mpht 70°; 5 seconds later: .50 mph, 70°. (b) Initially: .50 mph, 70°; 5 seconds later: 70 mph, 70°. (c) Initially: 60 mph, 70°; 5 seconds later: 60 mph, 90°.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . In Figure 1.19, arrows show the directions of the velocity and the acceleration of a hall moving in a circle. Make a similar sketch showing these directions for a car (a) speeding up from a stop sign and (h) slowing down as it approaches a stop sign.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . If a ball is thrown straight up into the air, what is its acceleration as it moves upward? What is its acceleration when it reaches its highest point and is stopped at an instant?24Q25Q26Q27QA yacht is 20 m long. Express this length in feet.2PA convenient time unit for short time intervals is the millisecond. Express 0.0452 s in milliseconds.One mile is equal to 1,609 m. Express this distance in kilometers and in centimeters.A hypnotist, watch hanging from a chain swings back and forth every 0.8’s. What is the frequency of its oscillation?The quartz crystal used in an electric watch vibrates with a frequency of 32.768 Hz. What is the period of the crystal’s motion?A passenger jet flies from one airport to another 1,200 miles away in 2.5 h. Find its average speed.At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, U.S. speed skater Apolo Ohno took the gold medal for the 500-rn sprint by completing the course in 41.935 s. What was his average speed for this event?A runner in a marathon passes the 5-mile mark at 1 o’clock and the 20-mile mark at 3 o clock. What is the runner’s average speed during this time period?. The Moon is about 3.8 ×108 m from Earth. Traveling at the speed of light, 3.0 × 108 m/s, how long does it take a laser beam to go from Earth to the Moon and back again? The same physics was responsible for the noticeable delay in communications signals between lunar astronauts and controllers at the Houston Space Flight Center.. In Figure 1.13, assume that m/s and m/s. Use a rular to the resultant velocities in (c) and (d).. On a day when the wind is blowing toward the south at 3 m/s, a runner jogs west at 4 in/s. What is the velocity (speed and direction) of the air relative to the runner?. How far does a car going 25 m/s travel in 5 s? How far would a jet going 250 m/s travel in 5 s?. A long-distance runner has an average speed of 4 m/s during a race. How far does the runner travel in 20 mm?. Draw an accurate graph showing distance versus time for the car in Problem 13. What is the slope of the graph?The graph in Figure 1.38 shows the distance versus time for an elevator as it moves up and down in a building. Compute the elevator's velocity at the times marked a, b, and c.. A high-performance sports car can go from 0 to 100 mph (44.7 m/s) in 7.9 s. (a) What is the car's average acceleration? (b) The same car can come to a complete stop From 30 m/s in 3.2 s. What is its average acceleration?. As a baseball is being thrown it goes from 0 to 40 m/s in 0.15 s. (a) What is the acceleration of the baseball? (b) What is the acceleration in g’s?. A child attaches a rubber ball to string and whirls it around in a circle overhead. It the string is 0.5 in long and the ball’s speed is 10 m/s, what is the centripetal acceleration?. A child sits on the edge of spinning merry-go-round that has a radius of 1.5 in. The child’s speed is 2 m/s. What is the child’s acceleration?. A runner is going 10 m/s around a curved section of track that has a radius of 35 m. What is the runner’s acceleration?During a NASCAR race, a car goes 50 m/s around a curved section of track that has a radius of 250 m. What is the car’s acceleration?. A rocket accelerates from rest at a rate of 64 m/s2. (a) What is its speed after it accelerates for 40 s? (b) How long does it take for the rocket to reach a speed of 7,500 m/s?. Initially staionary, a train has a constant acceleration of 0.5 m/s2. (a) What is its speed after 15 s? (b) What is the total time required for the train to reach a speed of 25 m/s?. (a) Draw an accurate graph of the speed versus time for the train Problem 24. (b) Draw an accurate graph of the distance versus time for the train in Problem 24.. Draw an accurate graph of the velocity versus time for the elevator in Problem 16.. A skydiver jumps out of a helicopter and falls freely for 3 s before opening the parachute. (a) What is the skydiver's downward velocity when the parachute opens? (b) How far below the helicopter is the skydiver when the parachute opens?. A rock is dropped off the side of a bridge and hits the water below 2 s later. (a) What was the rock's velocity when it hit the water? (b) What was the rock's average velocity as it fell? (c) What is the height of the bridge above the water?. The roller coaster in Figure 1.39 starts at the top of a straight track that is inclined 30° with the horizontal. This causes it to accelerate at a rate of 4.9 m/s2 (1/2 g). (a) What is the roller coasters speed after 3 s? (b) How far does it travel during that time?. During takeoff, an airplane goes from 0 to 50 m/s in 8 s. (a) What is its acceleration? (b) How fast is it going after 5 s? (c) How far has it traveled by the time it reaches 50 m/s?31P. A bungee jumper falls for 1.3 s before the bungee cord begins to stretch. Until the jumper has bounced back up to this height, the elastic cord causes the jumper to have an average acceleration upward of 4 m/s2. (a) How fast is the jumper going when the bungee cord begins to stretch? (b) How far below the diving platform is the jumper at that moment? (c) How long after the hunger cord begins to stretch does the jumper reach me low point of the drop? (d) How far below the diving platform is the jumper at the instant the speed is zero?. A drag-racing car goes from 0 to 300 mph in 5 s. What is its average acceleration in g’s?1CThe Moon's mass is 7.35 1022 kg, and it moves in a nearly circular orbit with radius 3.84 108 m. The period of its motion is 27.3 days. Use this, information to determine the Moon's (a) orbital speed and (b) its acceleration.A car is stopped at a red light. When the light turns green, the car begins to accelerate with a constant acceleration of 4.0 m/s2. Just as the car stands moving, it is passed by a small truck traveling uniformly with a speed of 12 m/s. (a) If each vehicle continues to move as described, find the distance traveled hy each after 1 s, 3 s, 5 s, and 7 s, Assume t = 0 just as the truck passes the car. (b) Plot the data for each vehicle on the same distance-versus-time graph and determine the approximate dime at which the car Overlake the truck. Can you see a way to solve this problem algebraically to find the precise dime using only the kinematic equations?A spoils car is advertised to have a maximum cornering acceleration of 0.85 g. (a) What is the maximum speed that the car can go around a curve with a 100-m radius? (b) What is its maximum speed for a 50-m radius curve? (c) If wet pavement reduces its maximum cornering acceleration to 0.6 g, what do the answers to (a) and (b) become?A spacecraft lands on a newly discovered planet orbiting the star 51 Pegasi. To measure the acceleration from gravity on the planet, an astronaut drops a rock from a height of 2 m. A precision timer indicates that it takes the rock 0.71 s to fall to the surface. What is the acceleration from gravity on this planet?6C7CA race car starts from rest on a circular track with radius 100 m and begins to increase its speed by m/s each second. At what point in time is the car's vector acceleration directed 45° away from straight ahead? What is the magnitude of the resultant acceleration at that moment?9CGive three important “laws” that characterize frictional interactions between two Solids sliding past one another.Describe the adhesion model of friction.1MAName a key invention that Newton contributed to optics that astronomers continue to exploit today.What important mathematical “tool” did Newton develop that made possible many of his discoveries in mechanics and gravitation?Reread Section 2.7 on the law of universal gravitation and make a list of concepts and examples that might serve as a basis for developing a concept map summarizing the material in this section. Alter creating sow list, reorder the items, ranking most from most general to least general (that is, most specific).In this chapter, you've encountered a large number of concepts it related to forces and motion. Organizing a concept map might help clarify the meanings of many of these concepts for you. As a stall, you examine Concept Map 2.2 pertaining to the concept of "net force" created by a student who had previously taken an introductory physics course. Unfortunately, this student had some misconceptions about this topic, so there are some blatant errors in the concept map. Locate and correct as many of these errors as you can. (hint: Carefully inspect the linking words used to connect the concepts and consider the meanings of the "propositions" they make.)(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What is force? Identify several of the forces that are acting on or around you right now.2Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A person places a book on the roof of a car and drives off without remembering to remove it. As the book and the car move down a street at a stead speed. two horizontal forces are acting on together the hook. What are they?(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Name the two types of friction. Can both types act on the same object at the same time? If so, give an example of such a circumstance.5Q(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What does a physicist mean by “external” force? Iii light of Newton’s third law of motion, why can’t an internal force alone produce an acceleration of a stein?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) At erne moment in a football game, player A exerts a force to me east to player B, At the same lime, a teammate of A exerts the same-sized force to the south on player B. In what direction is B likely to go because of these forces? Draw a diagram to support your answer.(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) How does an object move when it is subject to a steady centripetal force? How does it move if that force suddenly disappears?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A woman is riding on a train while watching the display on her GPS unit. She notices that both the speed’ and the “speed” readings are not changing. What can the stir conclude about the net force acting on the train car?(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 10. Discuss the distinction between mass and weight.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Two astronauts in an orbiting space station "play catch" (throw a ball back and forth to each other). Compared to playing catch on Earth, what effect, if any, does the "weightless" environment have on the process of accelerating (throwing and catching) the ball?(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . An extreme roller coaster is moving along its track. During a brief period the track exerts a downward force on the cars. Describe what is happening. (What is the shape of the track at this point?)(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) A single-engine airplane usually has its propeller in the front. Ocean freighters usually have their propeller(s) in the rear. From the perspective of Newtons second law of motion, is this significant?14Q15Q16Q(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 17. Describe the variation of the net force on and the on a spring as ii executes simple harmonic motion.18Q19Q20Q(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . At least two forces are acting on you right now. What are these forces? Describe the relationship between the size and direction of these two forces.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) As any car travels with constant velocity on a straight, flat section of highway the road still exerts both a vertical (upward or downward) force and a horizontal (forward or backward) force on the car. Identify the specific direction of each of these forces.(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . How is Newton’s third law of motion involved when you jump straight upward?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Jane and John are both on roller skates and facing each other, First Jane pushes John with her hands and they move apart. They get together again, and John pushes Jane equally hard with his hands and they move apart Is their subsequent motion any different in the two cases? Why or why not?25Q26Q27Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) - The first "Lunar Olympics" is to be held on the Moon inside a huge dome. Of the usual Olympic events—track and field, swimming, gymnastics, and so on—which would be drastically affected by the Moon's lower gravity? In which events do you think Earth-based records would he broken? In which events would the performances be no better—or perhaps worse— than on Earth?29Q(Indicates a review question. which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . The Sun’s mass is very much larger than the Moon’s, yet the tides on Earth produced by the Sun are much lower than those caused by the Moon. Why?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 31. We have studied four different laws authored by Sir Isaac Newton. For each of the following, indicate which law is best for the task described. (a) Calculating the net force on a car as it slows down. (b) Calculating the force exerted on a satellite by Earth. (c) Showing the mathematical relationship between mass and weight (d) Explaining the direction that a rubber stopper takes after the suing that was keeping it moving in a circle overhead is cut. (e) Explaining why a gun recoils when it is fired. (f) Explaining why a wing on an airplane is lifted upward as it moves through the air.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . The graphs in Figure 2.52 show plots of force versus acceleration for several objects. Rank these displays using the identifying numbers according to the mass of the affected object from smallest to largest. If any objects share the same mass, give them the same ranking. For reference, the graphs all have the same scale for their respective F and a axes. Explain your reasons for your rankings.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 33. Six identical cars are towing identical trailers at constant, albeit different, speeds along level roads io the desert. The trailers carry different loads, so their masses vary. The circumstances of each vehicle are shown here. Using the letter identifiers, rank the difference between the magnitude of the force exerted by the car on the trailer and the magnitude of the force exerted by the trailer on the car for each situation from greatest to least. If any situations have the same difference, give them the same ranking. Explain your reasoning in forming your rankings. (a) Trailer load = 1000 kg; vehicle speed = 20 m/s (b) Trailer load = 2000 kg; vehicle speed = 20 m/s (c) Trailer load = 4000 kg; vehicle speed = 40 m/s (d) Trailer load = 4000 kg; vehicle speed = 10 m/s (e) Trailer load = 2000 kg; vehicle speed =10 m/s (f) Trailer load = 1000 kg; vehicle speed =10 m/s(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . A mass m is attached to a spring with spring constant k, as shown in Figure 2.53. The mass is pulled to the right a distance of 0.2 m and released. Rank the following spring-mass combinations according to their oscillation periods from shortest to longest. If any combinations have the same period, give them the same rank. You should assume that there is no friction between the mass and the horizontal surface. (a) k = 0.5 N/m: m 0.25 kg (b) k = 0.5 N/m: m 0.50 kg (c) k = 0.5 N/m; m 1.00 kg (d) k = 1.0 N/m: m 0.25 kg (e) k = 1.0 N/m: m 0.50 kgExpress your weight in newtons. From this determine your mass in kilograms.A child weighs 300 N. What is the child’s mass in kilograms? In slugs?Suppose au airline allows a maximum of 30 kg for each suitcase a passenger brings along. (a) What is the weight in newtons of a 30-kg t1ikasr? (b) What is the weight in pounds?The mass of a certain elephant is 1,130 kg. (a) Find its elephant’s weight in newtons. (b) Find its weight in pounds.The mass of a subway car and passenger is 40,000 kg. If its acceleration as it leaves a station is 0.9 m/s2. What is the net force acting on it?A motorcycle and rider have a total mass equal to 300 kg. The rider applies the brakes, causing the motorcycle to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2. What is the net force on the motorcycle?As a 2-kg ball rolls down a ramp, the net force on it is 10 N. What is the acceleration?In an experiment performed in a space station, a force of 60 N cause an object to have an acceleration equal to 4 m/s2. What is the object’s mass?The engines in a supertanker carrying crude oil produce a net force of 20,000,000 N on the ship. If the resulting acceleration is 0. 1 m/s2, what is the ship’s mass?. The Kingda Ka roller coaster in New Jersey is the world’s tallest ride of its kind. As the passenger cars are launched from rest at the start, they are accelerated uniformly to a speed of 57 m/s (128 mph) in just 3.5 s. (a) What is the acceleration experienced by passengers on this ride in m/s2? In g’s? (b) If a certain passenger has a mass of 65 kg, what is the force in newtons that acts on him during the launch phase of this ride? What is the force in pounds?. A person stands on a scale inside an elevator at rest (Figure 2.54). The scale reads 800 N. (a) What is the person's mass? (b) The elevator accelerates upward momentarily at the rate of 2 m/s2. What does the scale read then? (c) The elevator then moves with a steady speed of 5 m/s. What does the scale read now?. A jet aircraft with a mass of 4,500 kg has an engine that exerts a force (thrust) equal to 60,000 N. (a) What is the jets acceleration when it takes off? (b) What is the jet’s speed after it accelerates for 8 s? (c) How far does the jet travel during the 8 s?. At the end of Section 1.4, we mentioned that the maximum acceleration of a fist during a particular karate blow was measured to be about 3,500 m/s2 just before impact with the concrete block. If the mass of the fist was approximately 0.7 kg, what was the maximum force delivered to the concrete block?. A sprinter with a mass of 80 kg accelerates uniformly from 0 m/s to 9 m/s in 3 s. (a) What is the runner’s acceleration? (b) What is the net force on the runner? (c) How far does the sprinter navel during the 3 s?. As a baseball is being caught, its speed goes from 30 to 0 m/s in about 0.005 s. Its mass is 0.145 kg. (a) What is the baseball’s acceleration in m/s and in Ws? (b) What is the size of the force acting on it?. On aircraft carriers, catapults are used to accelerate jet aircraft to flight speeds in a short distance. One such catapult takes a 18.000-kg jet from 0 to 70 m/s in 2.5 s. (a) What is the acceleration of the jet (in m/s2 and g’s)? (b) How far dues the jet travel while it is accelerating? (C) How large is the force that the catapult must exert on the jet?. At the end of an amusement park ride, it is desirable to bring a gondola to a stop without having the acceleration exceed 2 g. If the total mass of the gondola and it 2,000 kg, what is the maximum allowed braking force?. An airplane is built to withstand a maximum acceleration of 6 g. If its mass is 1,200 kg, what size force would cause this acceleration?. Under certain conditions, the human body can safely withstand an acceleration of 10 g. (a) What net force would have to act on someone with mass of 50 kg to cause this acceleration? (b) Find the weight of such a person in pounds then convert the answer to (a) to pounds.. A race car rounds a curve at 60 m/s. The radius of the curve is 400 m, and the car’s mass is 600 kg. (a) What is the car’s (centripetal) acceleration? What is it in g’s? (b) What is the centripetal force acting on the car?. A hang glider and its pilot have a total mass equal to 120 kg. While executing a 360° turn, the glider moves in a circle with an 8-m radius. The glider’s speed is 10 m/s. (a) What is the net force on the hang glider? (b) What is the acceleration?. A 0.1-kg ball is attached to a string and whirled around in a circle overhead. The string breaks if the force on it exceeds 60 N. What is the maxim urn speed the ball can have when the radius of the circle is 1 m?On a highway curve with radius 50 m, the maximum force of static friction (centripetal force) that can act on a 1,000-kg car going around the curve is 8,000 N. What speed limit should be posted for the curve so that cars can negotiate it safely?. A centripetal force of 200 N acts on a 1,000-kg satellite moving with a speed of 5,000 m/s in a circular orbit around a planet. What is the radius of its orbit?. As a spacecraft approaches a planet, the rocket engines on it are fired (turned on) to slow it down so it will go into orbit around the planet. The spacecraft’s mass is 2.000 kg, and the thrust (force) of the rocket engines is 400 N. If its speed must be decreased by 1,000 m/s, how long must the engines be fired? (Ignore the change in the mass as the fuel is burned.). A space probe is launched from Earth headed for deep space. At a distance of 10,000 miles from Earth’s center, the gravitational force on it is 600 lb. What is the size of the force when it is at each of the following distances from Earth’s center? (a) 20,000 miles (b) 30,000 miles (c) 100,000 miles. A hand exerciser utilizes a coiled spring. A force of 89.0 N is required to compress the spring by 0.0191m. Find the force needed to compress the spring by 0.0508 m. What is the value of the spring constant for this unit?. A mass of 0.75 kg is attached to a relaxed spring with k = 2.5 N/m. The mass rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. If the mass is displaced by 0.33 m, what is the magnitude of the force exerted on the mass by spring? If the mass is then released to execute simple harmonic along the surface, with what frequency will it oscillate?The force on a baseball as with a bat can be more than 8,000 lb. No human can push on a bat with that much force. What is happening in this instance?Two forces, one equal to 15 N and another equal to 40 N, act on a 50-kg crate resting on a horizontal surface as shown in Figure 2.55. (a) What is the net horizontal force on the crate? (b) What is its horizontal acceleration? (c) If the crate starts from rest, what is its horizontal speed after 5 s? (d) How far has the crate traveled along the surface in this time?Why does banking a curve on a highway allow a vehicle to successfully negotiate the turn at a higher speed?As a horse and wagon are accelerating From rest, the horse exerts a force of 400 N on the wagon (Figure 2.56), Illustrating Newton's third law, the wagon exerts an equal and opposite force of 400 N. Because the two forces are in opposite directions, why don't they cancel each other and produce zero acceleration (i.e., no motion)?5CPerhaps you’ve noticed that the rockets used to put satellites and spacecraft into orbit are usually launched from pads near the equator. Why is this so? Is the fact that rockets are usually launched to the east also important? Why?7C8C9C10CDistinguish between what a physicist and a politician might each mean when using the term energy conservation.If the population in a certain country was discovered to be increasing at a steady rate of 6 percent every decade, how many years would it take for the population of that nation to double in size?Describe the basic features of the “lighthouse” model of a pulsar, and indicate how they combine to give rise to the observed sharply pulsed radio emission from these sources.2AA1PIP1MIORepeat Exercise I for Section 3.2 on linear momentum and relate your concept map directly to Concept Map 3.1 at the end of Section 3.8.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What is a conservation law? What is the basic approach taken when using a conservation law?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 2. Why is the alternate form of Newton’s second law of motion given in this chapter the more general form?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 3. Could the linear momentum of a turtle be greater than the linear momentum of a horse? Explain why or why not.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) An astronaut working with many tools some distance away from a spacecraft is stranded when the "maneuvering unit" malfunctions. How can the astronaut return to the spacecraft by sacrificing some of the tools?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) For what type of interaction between bodies is the law of conservation of linear momentum most useful?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 6. Describe several things you have done today that involved doing work. Are you doing work right now?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) If we know that a force of 5 N acts on an object while it moves 2 meters, can we calculate how much work was done with no other information? Explain.8Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 9. When climbing a flight of stairs, do you do work on the stairs? Do the stairs do work on you?10Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 11. Identify as many different ways as you can for giving energy to a basketball.12Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 13. When you throw a ball, the work you do to accelerate it equals the kinetic energy the ball gains. If you do twice as much work when throwing the ball, does it go twice as fast? Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Describe the motion of an object that possesses kinetic energy yet undergoes no net displacement.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 15. How can the gravitational potential energy of something be negative?16Q17Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without tins designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 18. Identify the energy conversions taking place in each of the following situations. Name all of the relevant forms of energy that are involved. (a) A camper nibbling two sticks together to start a fire. (b) An arrow shot straight upward; from the moment the bowstring is released by the archer to the moment when the arrow reaches its highest point. (c) A nail being pounded into a board, from the moment a carpenter starts to swing a hammer to the moment when the nail has been driven some distance into the wood by the blow. (d) A meteoroid entering Earth's atmosphere,(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without tins designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Solar-powered spotlights have batteries that are charged by solar cells during the day and then operate lights at night. Describe the energy conversions in this entire process, starting with the Sun's nuclear energy and ending with the light from the spotlight being absorbed by the surroundings. Name all of the forms of energy that are involved.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Truck drivers approaching a steep hill that they must climb often increase their speed. What good does this do, if any?21Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without tins designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . A ball is thrown straight upward from the surface of the Moon. Is the maximum height it reaches less than, equal to, or greater than the maximum height reached by" a ball thrown upward on Earth with the same initial speed? (Ignore air resistance in both cases.) Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 23. Describe the distinction between elastic and inelastic collisions. Give an example of each.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 24. Many sports involve collisions between things—such as balls and rackets—and between people—as in football or hockey. Characterize the various sports collisions as elastic or inelastic.25Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 26. Is it possible for one object to gain mechanical energy from another without touching it? Explain.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 27. How are the physical concepts power and speed similar?28Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 29. A person runs up several flights of stairs and is exhausted at the top. Later, the same person walks up the same stairs and does not feel as tired. Why is this? Ignoring air resistance, does it take more work or energy to run up the stairs than to walk up?30Q31Q32Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without tins designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 33. Five identical boxes with the same speeds slide along a frictionless horizontal surface. The mass of each box is 10 kg. The same magnitude force, F, is applied to each box, but along different directions. Rank the five situations described here from greatest to smallest according to the work done on the box by the force while the box moves through the distance d indicated each description. For this analysis, take motion/distance directed to the right as positive and force directed up as positive. If any of the situations result in the same work being done, give them the same ranking. (a) F to the right, and d = 5 m to the right (b) F to the right, and d = 10 m to the right (c) F up, and d = 10 m to the right (d) F to the left, and d = 5 m to the right (e) F down, and d = 5 m to the right34Q(¦ Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without tins designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Six blocks with different masses, m, each start from rest at the top of smooth, frictionless inclines having length d and vertical height h and slide down. Rank the order, from greatest to smallest, of the Final kinetic energies of the masses when they reach the bottom of the inclines after having traveled their full lengths. If any of the situations yield the same kinetic energies, give them the same ranking, (a) m = 10 kg; A=lm; and d = 10 m (b) m = 10 kg; h = 1 m; and d = 5 m (c) m = 5 kg; h = 0.5 m; and d = 10 m (d) m = 1 kg; k = 2 m; and d = 5 m (e) m= 1 kg; k = 0.5 m; and d = 5 m (f) m = 15 kg; h = 0.75 m; and d = 7.5 mA sprinter with a mass of 65 kg reaches a speed of 10 m/s during a race. Find the sprinter’s linear momentum.Which has the larger linear momentum: a 2,000-kg houseboat going 5 m/s or a 600-kg speedboat going 20 m/s?In Section 2.4, we computed the force needed to accelerate a 1,000-kg car from 0 to 27 m/s in 10 s. Compute the force using the alternate form of Newton’s second law. The change in momentum is the car’s momentum when traveling 27 m/s minus its momentum when going 0 m/s.A runner with a mass of 80 kg accelerates from 0 to 9 m/s in 3 s. Find the net force on the runner using the alternate form of Newton’s second law.In Section 1.4, we considered the collision of a karate expert’s hand with a concrete block. Based on the graphs in Figure 1.31, the initial downward speed of the fist with mass 0.75 kg is about -13 m/s and the collision time is approximately 25 ms. Find the impulse and the average force exerted on the block by the fist during the collision.A basketball with a mass of 0.62 kg falls vertically to the floor where it hits with a speed of 6 m/s. (We take the positive direction to be upward here.) The ball rebounds, leaving the floor with a speed of 4.5 m/s. (a) What impulse acts on the ball during its collision with the floor? (b) If the ball is in contact with the floor for 0.04 s, what is the average force of the ball on the floor?A pitcher throws a 0.5-kg ball of clay at a 6-kg block of wood. The clay sticks to the wood on impact, and their joint velocity afterward is 3 m/s. What was the original speed of the clay?A 3,000-kg truck runs into the rear of a 1,000-kg car that was stationary. The truck and car are locked together after the collision and move with speed 9 m/s. What was the speed of the truck before the collision?A 50-kg boy on roller skates moves with a speed of 5 m/s. He runs into a 40-kg girl on skates. Assuming they cling together after the collision, what is their speed?. Two persons on ice skates stand face to face and then push each other away (Figure 3.45). Their masses are GO and 90 kg. Find the ratio of their speeds immediately afterward. Which person has the higher speed?. A loaded gun is dropped on a frozen lake. The gun fires, with the bullet going horizontally in one direction and the gun sliding on the ice in the other direction. The bullet’s mass is 0.02 kg, and its speed is 300 m/s. If the gun’s mass is 1.2 kg, what is its speed?. A running back with a mass of 80 kg and a speed of 8 m/s collides with, and is held by, a 120-kg defensive tackle going in the opposite direction. How fast must the tackle be going before the collision for their speed afterward to be zero?. A motorist runs out of gas on a level road 200 m from a gas station. The driver pushes the 1.200-kg car to the gas station. If a 150-N force is required to keep the car moving, how much work does the driver do?. In Figure 3.10, the rock weighs 100 lb and is lifted 1 ft by the lever. (a) How much work is done? (b) The other end of the lever is pushed down 3 ft while lifting the rock. What force had to act on that end?. A weight lifter raises a 100-kg barbell to a height of 2.2 m. What is the barbell’s potential energy?16P. A personal watercraft and rider have a combined mass of 400 kg. What is their kinetic energy when they are going 15 m/s?As it orbits Earth, the 11,000-kg Hubble Space Telescope travels at a speed of 7,900 m/s and is 560,000 m above Earth’s surface. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What is its potential energy?. The kinetic energy of a motorcycle and rider is 60,000J. If their total mass is 300 kg, what is their speed?. In compressing the spring in a toy dart gun, 0.5J of work is done. When the gun is fired, the spring gives its potential energy to a dart with a mass of 0.02 kg. (a) What is the dart’s kinetic energy as it leaves the gun? (b) What is the dart’s speed?. An archer using a simple bow exerts a force of 180 N to draw back the bow string 0.50 m. (a) What is the average work done by the archer in preparing to launch her arrow? (Hint: Compute the average work as you would any average quantity: average work = [final work - initial work].) (b) If all the work is converted into the kinetic energy of the arrow upon its release, what is the arrow's speed as it leaves the bow? Assume the mass of the arrow is 0.021 kg and ignore any kinetic energy in the bow as it relaxes to its original shape. (c) If the arrow is shot straight up, what is the maximum height achieved by the arrow? Ignore any effects due to air resistance in making your assessment.A worker at the top of a 629-m-tall television transmitting tower in North Dakota accidentally drops a heavy tool. If air resistance is negligible, how fast is the tool going just before it hits the ground?. A 25-kg child uses a pogo stick to bounce up and down. The spring constant k, of the toy equals 8750 N/m. (a) By how much would the spring be compressed by the child if she simply balanced herself vertically on the pedals of the stick? (b) How much energy is stored in the spring under this circumstance?. A student drops a water balloon out of a dorm window 12 m above the ground. What is its speed when it hits the ground?. A child on a swing has a speed of 7.7 m/s at the low point of the arc (Figure 3.46). How high will the swing be at the high point?. The cliff divers at Acapulco, Mexico, jump off a cliff 26.7 m above the ocean. Ignoring air resistance, how fast are the divers going when they hit the water?. At NASA's Zero Gravity Research Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, experimental payloads fall freely from rest in an evacuated vertical shaft through a distance of 132 m, (a) If a particular payload has a mass of 45 kg, what is its potential energy relative to the bottom of the shaft? (b) How fast will the payload be traveling when it reaches the bottom of the shaft? Convert your answer to mph for a comparison to highway speeds.. The fastest that a human has run is about 12 m/s. (a) If a pole vaulter could run this fast and convert all of her kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy, how high would she go? (b) Compare this height with the world record in the pole vault.. A bicycle and rider going 10 m/s approach a hill. Their total mass is 80 kg. (a) What is their kinetic energy? (b) If the rider coasts up the hill without pedaling, how high above its starting level will the bicycle be when it finally rolls to a stop?. In January 2003, an 18-year-old student gained a bit of fame for surviving—with only minor injuries—a remarkable traffic accident. The vehicle he was driving was "clipped" by another one, left the road, and rolled several times. He was thrown upward from the vehicle (he wasn't wearing a seat belt) and ended up dangling from an overhead telephone cable and a ground wire about 8 meters above the ground. Rescuers got him down after 20 minutes. It is estimated that he reached a maximum height of about 10 meters. (a) Estimate the driver's vertical speed when he was thrown from the vehicle. (b) If he had not landed in the wires, how fast would he have been going when he hit the ground?The ceiling of an arena is 20 m above the floor. What is the minimum speed that a thrown ball would need to just reach the ceiling?. Compute how much kinetic energy was “lost” in the inelastic collision in Problem 8.Compute how much kinetic energy was “lost” in the inelastic collision in Problem 9.. A 1,000-W motor powers a hoist used to lift cars at a service station. (a) How much time would it take to raise a 1,500-kg car 2 m? (b) If the original motor is replaced with one rated at 2,000 W, how long would it take to complete this task?. How long does it take a worker producing 200 W of power to do 10,000 J of work?. An elevator is able to raise 1,000 kg to a height of 40 m in 15 s. (a) How much work does the elevator do? (b) What is the elevator’s power output?. A particular hydraulic pile driver uses a ram with a mass of 1040 kg. If the maximum pile energy is 11,780J, how high must the ram he raised to achieve this value? Assuming it takes 0.62 s for the pile driver’s winch motor to raise the ram at a constant speed to this height, what is the power output by the motor in completing this task? Express your answer in both watts and horsepower.. A compact car can climb a hill in 10 s. The top of the hill is 30 in higher than the bottom, and the car’s mass is 1,000 kg. What is the power output of the car?. In the annual Empire State Building race, contestants run up 1,575 steps to a height of 1,050 ft. In 2003, Australian Paul Crake completed the race in a record time of 9 min and 33 S, Mr., Crake weighed 143 lb (65 kg) , (a) How much work did Mr., Crake do in reaching the top of the building? (b) What was his average power output (in ft-lb/s and in hp)?. It takes 100 minutes for a middle-aged physics professor to ride his bicycle up the road to Alpe d’Huez in France. The vertical height of the climb is 1,120 m, and the combined mass of the rider and bicycle is 85 kg. What is the bicyclist’s average power output?. Two small 0.25-kg masses are attached to opposite ends of a very lightweight rigid rod 0.5 m long. The stem is spinning in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis perpendicular to the rod located halfway between the masses. Each mass is moving in a circle of radius 0.25 m at a speed of 0.75 m/s. What is the total angular momentum of this stem?Rank the following three collisions in terms of the extent of damage that the car would experience. Explain your reasons for ranking the collisions as you did. (a) A car going 10 m/s striking an identical car that was stationary on level ground. (b) A car going 10 m/s running into an immovable concrete wall. (c) A head-on collision between identical cars, boom going 10 m/s.A bullet with a mass of 0.01 kg is tired horizontally into a block of wood hanging on a string. The bullet sticks in the wood and causes it to swing upward to a height of 0.1 m. If the mass of the wood block is 2 kg, what was the initial speed of the bullet?In a head-on, inelastic collision, a 4,000-kg truck going 10 m/s east strikes a 1,000-kg car going 20 m/s west. (a) What is the speed and direction of the wreckage? (b) How much kinetic energy was lost in the Collision?4C5CThe "shot" used in the shot-put event is a metal ball with a mass of 7.3 kg. When thrown in Olympic competition, it is accelerated to a speed of about 14 m/s. As an approximation, let's say that the athlete exerts a constant force on the shot while throwing it and that it moves a distance of 3 m while accelerating. (a) What is the shot's kinetic energy? (b) Compute the force that acts on the shot. (c) It takes about 0.5 s to accelerate the shot. Compute the power required. Convert your answer to horsepower.7C8CA series of five 0.1-kg spheres are arrayed along a thin, lightweight rigid rod with length 0.5 m at intervals of 0,1m from one end of the rod. The system spins about an axis perpendicular to and passing through the unoccupied end of the rod with a period of 0.3 s. In this way, each mass moves in the same plane along a circular path whose radius is its distance from the rotation axis. (a) How far does each mass move during one revolution? (b) What is the speed of each mass as it orbits the axis? (c) What is the total angular momentum of the system?1LAFill in the blanks of this little story with the names of the appropriate elements BeSTe OF LuCK In YOURe SeArCH! "The poor fellow crashed his (Ag)__________________________ (Ne)_____________________________ into a wall. Luckily, a good (Sm) ____________________________ came along and tried to (He)______________________________________, but, alas, it was too late. All the hapless rescuer could do was (Ba)_____________________in a (Kr)_____________________the hill nearby."1LTA2LTA1PIP2PIP1. In Section 4.1 in the description of matter, the following terms were introduced: elements, atoms, electrons, protons, neutrons, nucleus, molecules, mixtures, and solutions. Create a concept map explaining the composition of matter by appropriately organizing and linking these concepts to form meaningful propositions. After completing your concept map, compare your map with that of a classmate or the instructor. Are they same? Should they be? Discuss the similarities and differences that you find between the maps.Review Section 4.3 carefully. Based on your understanding of this material, develop a concept map to distinguish and relate the concepts of mass density, weight density, and specific gravity. Your map should address such issues as the basic definitions of these concepts and their applications in physics and in everyday life.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Describe the four phases of matter. Compare their external, observable properties. Compare the nature of the forces between atoms or molecules (or both) in the solid, liquid, and gas phases.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Identify some of the elements that exist in pure form (not in compounds) around you.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) What is the difference between a mixture of two elements and a compound farmed from the two elements?4Q5Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Suppose you are in the International Space Station in orbit around Earth and a fellow astronaut gives you what appears to be an inflated balloon. Describe how you. could determine whether the balloon contains a gas, a liquid, or a solid.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Use the concept of pressure to explain why snowshoes are better than regular shoes for walking in deep snow.(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Why is it that a person can lie still on a "bed" of nails (Figure 4.53) without suffering any serious injuries but would incur severe puncture wounds to his feet if he tried to stand barefoot on the same "bed"?9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . Would the weight density of water be different on the Moon than it is on Earth? What about the mass density? Explain.16Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 17. Workers are to install a hatch (door) near the bottom of an empty storage tank. In choosing how strong to make the hatch, does it matter how tall the lank is? How wide it is? Whether it is going to hold water or mercury? Explain.18Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . If Earth's atmosphere waned up and expanded to a larger total volume hut its total mass did not change, would this affect the atmospheric pleasure at sea level? Would this affect the pressure at lite top of Mount Everest? Explain.20Q21Q22Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . The ''suction cup" (Figure 4.54) is a common device used to suspend pictures, plants, and other objects from walls, ceilings, windows, and other smooth surfaces. Why is the name "suction cup" a bit of a misnomer? Is anything really "sucking"? I low exactly does a "suction cup" work? Explain24Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . what substances would sink in gasoline but float in water?26Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 27. A ship on a large river approaches a bridge, and the captain notices that the ship is about a foot too tall to fit under the bridge. A crew member suggests pumping water from the river into an empty tank on the ship. Would this help? Why or why not?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . In The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" by Edgar Allen Poe, the hero discovers a gas whose density is '37.4 limes" less than that of hydrogen. How much better at lifting would a balloon filled with the new gas be compared to one filled with hydrogen?29Q30Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . What is Pascal's principle?32Q33Q34Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . How does a perfume atomizer make use of Bernoulli's principle?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) . When two trains, going in opposite directions, are passing on tracks that are laid out close together, the train cars can often be seen to be leaning in toward one another where they are in proximity. How might the air passing through the narrow gap separating the two trains contribute to the observed attraction between their cars?(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) Smoking was a common habit in the United States in times past, and nonsmokers riding in cars where another passenger had lit up quickly learned to open their window a crack while the car was moving to exhaust the smoke from the compartment. Why does this action help to draw the smoke out of the car? Explain using principles of fluid physics.38Q39Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 40. Six hollow cylinders having diameters D and heights h are filled with water. The cylinders all have a hole drilled in their sides; the holes are all me same size and are all located at the same height above the bases of the cylinders. The holes are plugged with rubber stoppers, The values of D and k for the six cylinders are provided. Rank the combinations according to the pressure excited by the water on the stopper from largest to smallest. If two (or more) combinations yield the same pressure, give them the same ranking. Explain the reasoning you used in arriving at your rankings. (a) D = 0.25 m; k = 0.40 m. (b) D = 0.20 in; h = 0,50 m. (c) D = 0.50 m; h = 0.35 m. (d) D = 0.25 m; h = 0.35 m. (e) D = 0.40 m; h = 0.50 m. (f) D = 0.25 m; h = 0.60 m.41Q(Indicates a review question, which means it requires only a basic understanding of the material to answer. Questions without this designation typically require integrating or extending the concepts presented thus far.) 42. Pistons are fitted to two cylindrical chambers connected through a horizontal tune to form a hydraulic system. The piston chambers and the connecting tube are Filled with an incompressible fluid. The cross-sectional areas of piston 1 and piston 2 are A1and A2, respectively. A force Ffis excited on piston 1. Rank the resultant force F2on piston 2 that results from the combinations of F1 A 1 and A2 given from greatest to smallest. If any of the combinations yield the same force, give them the same ranking. (a) F1= 2.0 N; A1 = 0.5 m2; and A2= 1.0 m2 (b) Fl= 1.0 N; A1= 0.5 m2; and A2 = 0.25 m2. (c) F1= 1.0 N; A1= 1.0 m2; and A2= 2.0 m2. (d) F1 = 2.0 N; A1= 0.25 m2; and A2 = 1.0 m2. (e) F1 = 2.0 N; A1= 0.25 m2; and A2 = 0.5 m2 (f) F1 = 1.0 N; A1 = 1.0 m2; and A2= 0.5 m2.1P2P