Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 1, Problem 10P
Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book.
The Dimensions of Mitochondria and Their Constituents Assume that mitochondria are cylinders 1.5 m in length and 0.6 μm in diameter. (Section 1.5)
- What is the volume of a single mitochondrion?
- Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, an important
metabolic pathway localized in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The concentration of oxaloacetate in mitochondria is about 0.03 μΜ. How many molecules of oxaloacetate are in a single mitochondrion?
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...
Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...
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- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Graphical Analysis of MWC Allosteric Enzyme Kinetics (Integrates with Chapter 1.1) Draw both Line weaver-Burk plots and Hanes-Woolf plots for an MWC allosteric enzyme system, showing separate curves for the kinetic response in (a) the absence of any effectors, (b) the presence of allosteric activator Λ, and (c) the presence of allosteric inhibitor I.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Strength of Weak Forces Determines the Environmental Sensitivity of Living Cells Why does the central role of weak forces in biomolecular interactions restrict living systems to a narrow range of environ¬mental conditions? (Section 1.4)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Dimensions of Eukaryotic Cells and Their ConstituentsAssume that liver cells are cuboidal in shape, 20 m oil a side. (Section 1.5) How many liver cells laid end to end would fit across the diameter of a pinhead? (Assume a pinhead diameter of 0.5 mm) What is the volume of a liver cell? (Assume it is a cube.) What is the surface area of a liver cell? What is the surface-to- volume ratio of a liver cell? How does this compare to the surface-to-volume ratio of an E. coli cell (compare this answer with that of problem 3c)? What problems must cells with low surface-to-volume ratios confront that do not occur in cells with high surface-to-volume ratios? A human liver cell contains two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set being roughly equivalent in information content. The total mass of DNA contained in these 46 enormous DNA molecules is 4 1012 Because each nucleotide pair contributes 660 daltons to the mass of DNA and 0.34 run to the length of DNA, what is the total number of nucleotide pairs and the complete length of the DNA in a liver cell? How does this length compare with the overall dimensions of a liver cell? The maximal information in each set of liver cell chromosomes should be related to the number of nucleotide pairs in the chromosome set's DNA. This number can be obtained by dividing the total number of nucleotide pairs just calculated by 2. What is this value? If this information is expressed in proteins that average 400 amino acids in length and three nucleotide pairs encode one amino acid in a protein, how many different kinds of proteins might a liver cell be able to produce? (In reality, liver cell DNA encodes approximately 20,000 different proteins. Thus a large discrepancy exists between the theoretical information content of DNA in liver cells and the amount of information actually expressed.)arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Quantitative Relationships Between Rate Constants to Calculate Km, Kinetic Efficiency (kcat/Km) and Vmax - VI The enzyme catalase catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: 2H2O22H2O+O2The turnover number (kcat) for catalase is 40,000,000 sec-1. The Km of catalase for its substrate H2O2 is 0.11 M. a. In an experiment using 3 nanomole/L of catalase, what is Vmax? b. What is v when [H2O2] = 0.75 M? c. What is the catalytic efficiency of catalase? d. Does catalase approach catalytic perfection?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Determining the Branch Points and Reducing Ends of Amylopectin A 0.2-g sample of amylopectin was analyzed to determine the fraction of the total glucose residues, that are branch points in the structure. The sample was exhaustively methylated and then digested, yielding 50-mol of 2,3-dimethylgluetose and 0.4 mol of 1,2,3,6- letramethylglucose. What fraction of the total residues are branch points? I low many reducing ends does this sample of amylopectin have?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Cells as Steady-State Systems Describe what is meant by the phrase "cells tire steady-state systems." (Section 1.4)arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Quantitative Relationships Between Rate Constants to Calculate Km, Kinetic Efficiency (kcat/Km) and Vmax - I Measurement of the rate constants for a simple enzymatic reaction obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics gave the following results: k1=2108M1sec1k1=1103sec1k2=5103sec1a. What is Ks, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-substrate complex? b. What is Km, the Michaelis constant for this enzyme? c. What is kcat (the turnover number) for this enzyme? d. What is the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for this enzyme? e. Does this enzyme approach kinetic perfection? (That is, does kcat/Km approach the diffusion-controlled rate of enzyme association with substrate?) f. If a kinetic measurement was made using 2 nanomoles of enzyme per mL and saturating amounts of substrate, what would Vmax equal? g. Again, using 2 nanomoles of enzyme per mL of reaction mixture, what concentration of substrate would give v = 0.75 Vmax? h. If a kinetic measurement was made using 4 nanomoles of enzyme per mL and saturating amounts of substrate, what would Vmax equal? What would Km equal under these conditions?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end οΓthis book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual. Study Guide, and Problems Book. Calculation of Rate Enhancement from Energies of Activation The relationships between the free energy terms defined in the solution to Problem 4 earlier are shown in the following figure. If the energy of the ES complex is 10 kJ/mol lower than the energy of E + S, the value of Ge:is 20 kJ/mol, and the value of Ge:is 90 kJ/mol what is the rate enhancement achieved by an enzyme in this case?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual. Study Guide, and Problems Book. Assessing the-Metabolic Consequences of Life Without Enzymes The incredible catalytic power of enzymes can perhaps best be appreciated by imagining how challenging life would be without just one of the thousands of enzymes in the human body. For example, consider life without fnnctose-1,6-btsphosphatase, an enzyme in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Liver and kidneys (see Chapter 22). which helps product new glucose from the food we eat: Fructose-1.6-blsphosphate + H2O Fmrlose-6-P + Pi The human brain requires glucose as its only energy source, and the typical brain consumes about 120 g (or 480 kilocalories) of glucose dally. Ordinarily, two pieces of sausage pizza could provide more than enough potential glucose to feed the brain for a day. According to a national fast-food chain, two pieces of sausage pizza provide 1340 kilocalories. 48% of which is from fat. Fats cannot be converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis, so that leaves 697 kilocalories potentially available for glucose synthesis. The first-order rate constant for the hydrolysis of fructose-l.6-bispliosphate in the absence of enzyme is 2 10-20 /sec. Calculate how long it would take to provide enough glucose for one day of brain activity from two pieces of sausage pizza without the enzyme. The following graphs show the temperature and pH dependencies of four enzymes, A, Β, X, and Y. Problems 12 through IS refer to these graphs.arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Assessing the Formation and Composition of Limit Dextrins Prolonged exposure of amylopectin to starch phosphorylase yields a substance called a limit dextrin. Describe the chemical composition of limit dextrins. and draw a mechanism for the enzyme-catalyzed rcactioa that can begin the breakdown of a limit dextrin.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Biosynthetic Capacity of Cells The nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli cells are far simpler than those of humans, yet the macromolecules found in bacteria are about as complex as those of animals. Because bacteria can make all their essential biomolecules while subsisting on a simpler diet, do you think bacteria may have more biosynthetic capacity and hence more metabolic complexity than animals? Organize your thoughts on this question, pro and con, into a rational argument. (Section 1.5)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Cell Structure Without consulting the figures in this chapter, sketch the characteristic prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and label their pertinent organelle and membrane systems. (Section 1.5)arrow_forward
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