Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Whether oxygen is more abundant or less abundant than hydrogen in Earth’s crust has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Element is a pure substance and it cannot be broken down into simpler pure substance by chemical means like
Elements that are laboratory synthesized are radioactive in nature and they convert back into the original naturally occurring element by emission of radiation. All the elements that occur naturally are not evenly distributed on earth and universe.
Radiations that are emitted from stars can be used to estimate the elemental composition of universe. This indicates that hydrogen and helium are mostly dominant. On Earth’s crust oxygen and silicon are the two elements that account for about
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether iron is more abundant or less abundant than aluminium in Earth’s crust has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Element is a pure substance and it cannot be broken down into simpler pure substance by chemical means like chemical reaction, electric current, heat, or light. Over several centuries, the discovery of 118 known elements and its isolation have taken place. These 118 elements are the building blocks of all matter. Out of the 118 elements, eighty-eight elements are naturally occurring and the other 30 elements are laboratory synthesized by bombarding elements that naturally occur with small particles.
Elements that are laboratory synthesized are radioactive in nature and they convert back into the original naturally occurring element by emission of radiation. All the elements that occur naturally are not evenly distributed on earth and universe.
Radiations that are emitted from stars can be used to estimate the elemental composition of universe. This indicates that hydrogen and helium are mostly dominant. On Earth’s crust oxygen and silicon are the two elements that account for about
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether calcium is more abundant or less abundant than magnesium in Earth’s crust has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Element is a pure substance and it cannot be broken down into simpler pure substance by chemical means like chemical reaction, electric current, heat, or light. Over several centuries, the discovery of 118 known elements and its isolation have taken place. These 118 elements are the building blocks of all matter. Out of the 118 elements, eighty-eight elements are naturally occurring and the other 30 elements are laboratory synthesized by bombarding elements that naturally occur with small particles.
Elements that are laboratory synthesized are radioactive in nature and they convert back into the original naturally occurring element by emission of radiation. All the elements that occur naturally are not evenly distributed on earth and universe.
Radiations that are emitted from stars can be used to estimate the elemental composition of universe. This indicates that hydrogen and helium are mostly dominant. On Earth’s crust oxygen and silicon are the two elements that account for about
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether copper is more abundant or less abundant than sodium in Earth’s crust has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Element is a pure substance and it cannot be broken down into simpler pure substance by chemical means like chemical reaction, electric current, heat, or light. Over several centuries, the discovery of 118 known elements and its isolation have taken place. These 118 elements are the building blocks of all matter. Out of the 118 elements, eighty-eight elements are naturally occurring and the other 30 elements are laboratory synthesized by bombarding elements that naturally occur with small particles.
Elements that are laboratory synthesized are radioactive in nature and they convert back into the original naturally occurring element by emission of radiation. All the elements that occur naturally are not evenly distributed on earth and universe.
Radiations that are emitted from stars can be used to estimate the elemental composition of universe. This indicates that hydrogen and helium are mostly dominant. On Earth’s crust oxygen and silicon are the two elements that account for about
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- 1. What is the 3rd most prevalent element in the human body (name, not symbol)? 2 .What is the 2nd most prevalent element in soil (name, not symbol)? 3. What is the name of the next heaviest element in the same family as oxygen? 4. Give the names of three halogens. 5. What is the group of elements called that consists of very unreactive gases? 6. Sublimation is a change from the ____________ phase to the ____________ phase. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- #26(a): Element or compound? #26(b): Element or compound? #26(c): Element or compound? #26(d): Element or compound?arrow_forwardReference Section 5-2 to find the atomic masses of 12C and 13C, the relative abundance of 12C and 13C in natural carbon, and the average mass (in u) of a carbon atom. If you had a sample of natural carbon containing exactly 10,000 atoms, determine the number of 12C and 13C atoms present. What would be the average mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of the carbon atoms in this 10,000-atom sample? If you had a sample of natural carbon containing 6.0221 1023 atoms, determine the number of 12C and 13C atoms present What would be the average mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of this 6.0221 1023 atom sample? Given that 1 g = 6.0221 1023 u, what is the total mass of I mole of natural carbon in units of grams?arrow_forwardCalculate the average density of a single Al-27 atom by assuming that it is a sphere with a radius of 0.143 nm. The masses of a proton, electron, and neutron are 1.67261024g,9.10941028g, and 1.67491024g, respectively. The volume of a sphere is 4r3/3, where r is its radius. Express the answer in grams per cubic centimeter. The density of aluminum is found experimentally to be 2.70 g/cm3. What does that suggest about the packing of aluminum atoms in the metal?arrow_forward
- Paracelsus, a sixteenth-century alchemist and healer, adopted as his slogan: The patients are your textbook, the sickbed is your study. Is this view consistent with using the scientific method?arrow_forwardCopper: (a) Suppose you have a cube of copper metal that is 0.236 cm on a side with a mass of 0.1206 g. If you know that each copper atom (radius = 128 pm) has a mass of 1.055 1022 g (you will learn in Chapter 2 how to find the mass of one atom), how many atoms are there in this cube? What fraction of the cube is filled with atoms? (Or conversely, how much of the lattice is empty space?) Why is there empty space in the lattice? (b) Now look at the smallest, repeating unit of the crystal lattice of copper. Knowing that an edge of this cube is 361.47 pm and the density of copper is 8.960 g/cm3, calculate the number of copper atoms in this smallest, repeating unit.arrow_forwardIndium oxide contains 4.784 g of indium for every 1.000 g of oxygen. In 1869, when Mendeleev first presented his version of the periodic table, he proposed the formula ln2O3 for indium oxide. Before that time it was thought that the formula was InO. What values for the atomic mass of indium are obtained using these two formulas? Assume that oxygen has an atomic mass of 16.00.arrow_forward
- Calculate the number of atoms in the universe. The following steps will guide you through this calculation: a. Planets constitute less than 1% of the total mass of the universe and can, therefore, be neglected. Stars make up most of the visible mass of the universe, so we need to determine how many atoms are in a star. Stars are primarily composed of hydrogen atoms and our Sun is an average-sized star. Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in our Sun given that the radius of the Sun is 7108 m and its density is 1.4g/cm3. The volume of a sphere is given by V=(43)r3 (Hint: Use the volume and the density to get the mass of the Sun.) b. The average galaxy (like our own Milky Way galaxy) contains 11011 stars, and the universe contains 1109 galaxies. Calculate the number of atoms in an average galaxy and finally the number of atoms in the entire universe. c. You can hold 11023 atoms in your hand (five copper pennies constitute 1.41023 copper atoms.) How does this number compare with the number of atoms in the universe?arrow_forwardYou take three compounds, each consisting of two elements (X, Y. and/or Z), and decompose them to their respective elements. To determine the relative masses of X, Y. and Z. you collect and weigh the elements, obtaining the following data: Elements in Compound Masses of Elements 1. X and Y X = 0.4 g, Y = 4.2 g 2. Y and Z Y = 1.4 g, Z = 1.0 g 3. X and Y X = 2.0 g, Y = 7.0 g a. What are the assumptions needed to solve this problem? b. What are the relative masses of X, Y. and Z? c. What are the chemical formulas of the three compounds? d. If you decompose 21 g of compound XY, how much of each element is present?arrow_forward4.35 L He/1 x 1 mole He/22.4 L He. When we solve this problem we get 0.19419642. Apply the significant figure rules to the final answer. Then explain why the final answer makes sense using the example answer attached to help.arrow_forward
- CoCl2 .x -H2O is the purple sample. Calulacte the value for the x integer. Mass of sample: 1.000 (g) Mass of water lost: 0.454 (g)arrow_forwardWhat is the mass of 2.38 moles of AgNO 3 ^ prime ? Write your answer to 2 decimal places and include the unit .arrow_forwardDecide which element probably has a density most and least similar to the density of strontium. Comparing density: magnesium fluorine tin indium most similar to strontium 0 0 0 least similar to strontium 0 0 0 0arrow_forward
- General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning