Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 2TYK
Summary Introduction

Introduction: Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis. The data obtained from the experiments are often represented in the form of graph for easy comparison and analysis. Experiments and data analysis are a part of scientific methods to test a good hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible prediction of phenomena, based on observations.

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Refer to figure 56.22. Are there alternative hypotheses that might explain the increase followed by the decrease in ant colony numbers subsequent to rodent removal in the experiment described in figure 56.22? If so, how would you test the mechanism hypothesized in the figure?
Studies of opossums in Georgia have found that individuals from a population on an offshore island have longer lifespans in captivity than individuals from mainland populations.  What is a reasonable explanation for this pattern? Group of answer choices a. the island opossums are vampires b. the opossums from the island have a history of being kept in captivity c. he opossums on the island have a lower metabolic rate d. there are fewer predators on the island compared to the mainland
a. Which characteristic found in the prey species is most likely to be advantageous for survival? Why? What environmental factors might influence this? b. Which characteristic was the most successful for each of the predator and the prey populations? What was the selective pressure that allowed this characteristic to be successful? Remember that selective pressures are external factors, either environmental or from a different population. Predator Characteristic: Prey Characteristic: c. For both predator and prey populations, which characteristic was the least successful? What was the selective pressure? Predator Characteristic: Prey Characteristic:
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  • I am doing an ecology research paper on Brown Anole Lizard Distribution,  to perform my experiment I will choose 4 spots in a park such as a lake, a shaded tree, a boardwalk, and a sidewalk. then to quantify my results I will go three times a day for five weeks and count how many lizards I see in each area.  I need help thinking of a testable hypothesis?  This is often similar to your research question, however,  it can be answered with the numbers you will collect.  For example, a research question could be:  Which is better, a park or a nature preserve? A testable hypothesis would be:  Do parks or preserves have higher bird populations?
    Do the following two hypothesis supports their graphs? Explain. Figure 1: The hypothesis for novice vs. experienced foraging is that animals who have been foraging for ages should have a greater chance of survival than beginner foragers since they are more skilled and invest less time looking for food. Figure 2: The hypothesis behind the impact of Prey camouflage is that if animals, especially novice foragers, take too much time searching, they are visible to predators for long durations, providing a better chance to attack.
    Figure 1.15 Example of error bars in a graph. This graph was adapted from the peacock butterfly research described in Section 1.5. The researchers recorded the number of times each butterfly flicked its wings in response to an attack by a bird. The squares represent average frequency of wing flicking for each sample set of butterflies. The error bars that extend above and below the dots indicate the range of valuesthe sampling error. Figure It Out: What was the fastest rate at which a butterfly with no spots or sound flicked its wings?
  • Which of the following could explain the seasonal difference in the diet of squirrels?   Question 3 options:   a)  The seasonal change in the relative abundance of blackberries and acorns in their habitat.   b)  The difference in size between blackberries and acorns.   c)  The difference in the nutritional composition of blackberries and acorns.   d)  A and B   e)  A and C
    Which form of conditioning is used most for behavior modification? Why does this form work better? Why would Classical Conditioning help someone in their daily life functioning? Which form of conditioning would you most likely see in a classroom setting? Create your own examples of each form of conditioning. Be sure to include the following information in your answer. In addressing classical conditioning: Identify UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR. Discuss any stimulus generalization that you observed. Discuss any extinction and spontaneous that occurred. In addressing operant conditioning: Identify negative and positive reinforcements and punishments. Label the schedule of reinforcement or punishment.
    Suppose you spot two species of birds feeding side by side, eating seeds from the same plant. You begin to wonder whether competition is at work. Describe how you might design scientific research to address this question. What observations would you try to make at the outset? Would you try to manipulate the system to test your hypothesis that the two birds are competing? If so, how?
  • So how do we actually decide whether the difference is large enough? We use statistical tests to calculate a p-value (probability) for the difference between the two groups we are comparing. In the beetle food preference experiment from above, it was found that beetles spend longer times with food #1 compared to food #2, and the p value for this difference was calculated to be 0.9. What does a p value of 0.9 mean here? Group of answer choices A- There's a 9 (nine) % chance that the difference is due to actual beetle preference of food #1 over food #2. B- There's a 9 (nine) % chance that the difference is due to chance, and not actual beetle preference of food #1 over food #2. C- There's a 90% chance that the difference is due to chance, and not actual beetle preference of food #1 over food #2. D- There's a 90% chance that the difference is due to actual beetle preference of food #1 over food #2.
    How would you apply this in a Lamarckian explanation? Tiger Moths (Bertholdia trigona) produce high pitched ultrasonic clicking (at a rate of 4500 clicks/sec) when they hear the echolocation calls of bats (bats eat moths). As a result, the bat's sonar is jammed and the Tiger Moth escapes without being caught, killed, and eaten. Please use your knowledge of Evolution by Natural Selection to explain the process by which this remarkable anti-predator defense evolved in Tiger Moths. Please use your Knowledge of Evolution by Natural Selection to explain the process by which this remarkable anti-predator defense evolved in Tiger Moths.
    If you adjust each of the four constants, one at a time, by 10%, which seems to have the greatest impact on the simulation output? Examine the Lotka-Volterra equations to explain by this constant makes such a big difference in the predator-prey system. Hint: This constant affects both the birth rate of predators and the death rate of prey.
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