Concept explainers
Nitrobenzene has the skeleton
The number of available valence electrons is: from the phenyl group, ____; from the nitrogen atom, ____; and from each of two oxygen atoms, ____, for a total of ____. Filling in all single bonds and adding the appropriate unshared pairs gives
______________________________
The
______________________________
which has the correct number of electrons. In this structure the nitrogen atom is sharing ____ pairs of electrons. From each shared pair the nitrogen owns ____ electron for a total of ____. Nitrogen is a Group ____ element and would have outer shell electrons in the unbonded, neutral state. Since the nitrogen atom in nitrobenzene has one fewer electron than it would in the neutral state, it has a formal charge of +1 . This is added to the Lewis structure as + giving
Since an electron is negatively charged, a shortage of one electron results in a single positive charge
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Pushing Electrons
- Methanol, CH3OH, is a compound in which the formal charge on all the atoms is zero. Consider what results when a proton, H+, becomes bonded to methanol by way of one of the unshared electron pairs on the oxygen atom, i.e., This time we use the curved arrow to signify bond making. Now a pair of unshared electrons on oxygen is pushed toward the region between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen ion. It becomes an OH covalent bond. In the resulting structure the oxygen atom owns one electron from each of ____ shared pairs and two electrons from ____ unshared pair. The total number of electrons that belong to the oxygen atom is ____. Oxygen is a Group ____ element. Since the number of electrons that the oxygen atom owns in this structure is one fewer that it would have in the neutral, unbonded state, the charge on oxygen is ____. The correct Lewis structure for the conjugate acid of methanol is _________________________ Once again charge is conserved. Joining a neutral molecule and a cation must yield a cation. Again the formal charge distribution on the resulting ion is predictable from the arrow. Electrons are pushed away from the oxygen atom, leaving it with a positive charge. Electrons are pushed toward the hydrogen ion, neutralizing its erstwhile positive charg.arrow_forwardEthanol, , is a compound in which the formal charge on all the atoms is zero. Under certain conditions the bond can be broken so that both electrons remain with the oxygen atom. The products are In this structure the oxygen owns one electron from shared pair and two electrons from each of unshared pairs. The total number of electrons belonging to oxygen is Oxygen is a Group element. The formal charge on the oxygen atom is . The correct Lewis structure for the ethoxide ion is Note that the other fragment, the proton, leaves with a formal charge of +1.arrow_forwardcalculate the formal charge on the nitrogen in the following structurearrow_forward
- In the following structures, write if necessary the formal charge that it must have. If you shouldn't have a load, please note that you don't have a load.arrow_forwardIf the first, second and third bond dissociation enthalpies of methane are +420, +475, and +421 KJmol-l, respectively, calculate the fourth. How do you account for the fact that; ammonium nitrate is readily soluble in water even though the standard enthalpy of solution has a positive value? although the enthalpy of combustion of cane sugar is about -6000 KJmol-l cane sugar is not observed to oxidise in air at ordinary temperature?arrow_forwardSimple proteins consist of amino acids linked together in along chain; a small portion of such a chain is Experiment shows that rotation about the C—N bond (indicated by the arrow) is some what restricted. Explain with resonance structures, and show the types of bonding involved.arrow_forward
- A paper published in the research Journal Science in 2007 (S. Vallina and R. Simo, Science, Vol. 315, p. 506, January 26, 2007) reported studies of dimethylsulfide (DMS), an important green-house gas that is released by marine phytoplankton. This gas represents the largest natural source of atmospheric sulfur and a major precursor of hygroscopic (i.e., cloud-forming) particles in clean air over the remote oceans, thereby acting to reduce the amount of solar radiation that crosses the atmosphere and is absorbed by the ocean. (a) Sketch the Lewis structure of dimethylsulfide, CH3SCH3, and list the bond angles in the molecule. (b) Use electronegativities to decide where the positive and negative charges lie in the molecule. Is the molecule polar? (c) The mean seawater concentration of DMS in the ocean in the region between 15 north latitude and 15 south latitude is 2.7 nM (nanomolar). How many molecules of DMS are present in 1.0 m3 of seawater?arrow_forwardPlease anwser the following it’s just naming structures. Thank u so much ??arrow_forwardcalculate the formal charge on the oxygen in the structurearrow_forward
- Will the number of isomers increase or decrease with thenumber of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon? Explain yourreasoning.arrow_forwardGive typed answer not written What are resonance structures for these molecules?arrow_forwardChoose the structure that has the formal charge correctly assigned.arrow_forward
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