Chapter 10, Problem 1TQ

Summary Introduction

Nucleotides are the building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is a genetic material and it transfers genetic information from one generation to another. In replication, two identical copies of DNA molecules are produced from the single DNA. The synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from a specific segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is known as transcription. The synthesis of the protein from the mRNA sequence in the cytoplasm is known as translation. Replication, transcription, and translation are the central dogma of biology.

Answer to Problem 1TQ

The following terms are linked with their appropriate definitions and they are given below:

Explanation of Solution

Gene expression: Genes are transcribed into RNA molecules (for example, mRNA) and then translated into proteins through gene expression. In transcription, the mRNA is produced from the protein-coding gene and that mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm of the cell. Ribosomes convert the mRNA molecule into protein in the cytoplasm.

Gene regulation: The changing of the expression of genes in response to internal and external signal permits the organism to adapt to its surroundings through the synthesis of various proteins as required.

Transcription: The synthesis of RNA (for example, mRNA) from the DNA template by RNA polymerase is known as transcription. In transcription, the information present in the template DNA is converted into RNA.

Translation: The conversion of information present in the mRNA sequence into protein by ribosome is known as translation. Ribosomes synthesize protein according to the mRNA base sequence by linking amino acids. Proteins are composed of amino acids and they plays an important role in the structure and function of the cells.