Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) conducted a series of studies comparing the effectiveness of taking classroom notes on laptops versus writing longhand. In one study, students were instructed to use their normal classroom note taking strategy using either a notebook or a laptop while they watched a brief lecture. A short time later, the students were given a quiz on the lecture material. Although the quiz results showed no difference between the two strategies for factual questions, the students using longhand had significantly higher scores for conceptual questions. Explain why the researchers cannot conclude that taking longhand notes causes better conceptual learning that taking notes on a laptop.
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Chapter 10 Solutions
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
- Which of the independent variables retains the strongest association with the number of children a respondent has when all other variables in the model are controlled? What is that association? Which has the weakest when other variables are controlled?arrow_forwardMcAllister et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from non-contact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the non-contact sport athletes. Cognitive Performance Contact Athletes Non-Contact Athletes n1 = 8 n2 = 8 M1 = 6 M2 = 9 s2 = 8 s2 = 6.23 Are the test scores significantly lower for the contact sport athletes than for the non-contact athletes? Conduct the appropriate hypothesis test using α = .05 and state your conclusion in terms of this problem. Make sure to use APA style conclusions (as shown in lecture videos).arrow_forwardAronson and Mills (1959) conducted an experiment to see whether people's liking for a group is influenced by the severity of initiation. They reasoned that when people willingly undergo a severe initiation to become members of a group, they are motivated to think that the group membership must be worthwhile. Otherwise, they would experience cognitive dissonance: Why put up with severe initiation for the sake of a group membership that is worthless? In their experiment, participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group 1 (control) had no initiation. Group 2 (mild) had a mildly embarrassing initiation (reading words related to sex out loud). Group 3 (severe) had a severely embarrassing initiation (reading sexually explicit words and obscene words out loud). After the initiation, each person listened to a standard tape-recorded discussion among the group that they would now supposedly be invited to join; this was made up made to be as dull and banal as possible.…arrow_forward
- Do well-rounded people get fewer colds? A study on the Chronicle of Higher Education was conducted by scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia. They found that people who have only a few social outlets get more colds than those who are involved in a variety of social activities. Suppose that of the 276 healthy men and women tested, n1=96 had only a few social outlets and n2=105 were busy with six or more activities. When these people were exposed to a cold virus, the following results were observed: Construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the two population proportions.arrow_forwardA company manager wants to compare the satisfaction levels of his customers from two stores belonging to his company. According to his research, 249 out of 300 people are satisfied with shop A, and 348 out of 400 people are satisfied with shop B. Which of the following hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between customer satisfaction levels? H0 : P1 < P2, H1 : P1 ≥ P2 H0 : P1 ≥ P2, H1 : P1 < P2 H0 : P1 > P2, H1 : P1 < P2 H0 : P1 = P2, H1 : P1 ≠ P2 H0 : P1 ≠ P2, H1 : P1 < P2arrow_forwardAn experimenter is interested in the effects of two independent variables onself-esteem. What is better about conducting a factorial experiment thanconducting two separate experiments, one for each independent variable?arrow_forward
- An American Automobile Association (AAA) study investigated the question of whether car owners or truck owners were more likely to change their own blown tire. The situation referred to in the study stated the following: “If you blew a tire on a trip, would you change the tire yourself?” A sample representative of the data used by AAA showed 663 of 818 car owners said that they would change the tire themselves while 541 of 733 truck owners said they would change the tire themselves. x n car owners 663 818 truck owner 541 733 The AAA research hypothesis was that truck owners would be more likely to change their tire themselves. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses for this study. Let car owners be population What is the percentage of car owners who indicated that they would change their own tire?arrow_forwardDoes posting calorie content for menu items affectpeople’s choices in fast-food restaurants? According to results obtained by Elbel, Gyamfi, and Kersh(2011), the answer is no. The researchers monitoredthe calorie content of food purchases for children andadolescents in four large fast-food chains before andafter mandatory labeling began in New York City. Although most of the adolescents reported noticing thecalorie labels, apparently the labels had no effect ontheir choices. Data similar to the results obtained showan average of M = 786 calories per meal with s =85 for n =100 children and adolescents before thelabeling, compared to an average of M = 772 calorieswith s = 91 for a similar sample of n = 100 after themandatory posting.a. Use a two-tailed test with a = .05 to determinewhether the mean number of calories after theposting is significantly different than before caloriecontent was posted.b. Calculate r2to measure effect size for the mean difference.arrow_forwardThe males of stalk-eyed flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) have long eye stalks. The females sometimes use the length of these eye stalks to choose mates. Is the male’s eye-stalk length affected by the quality of its diet? An experiment was carried out in which two groups of male “stalkies” were reared on different foods (David et al. 2000). One group was fed “corn” (considered a high quality food), while the other was fed “cotton” wool (a food of substantially lower quality). Each male was raised singly and so represents an independent sampling unit. The eye spans (the distance between the eyes) were recorded in millimeters. The raw data, which are plotted as histograms below, are as follows: Corn diet: 2.15, 2.14, 2.13, 2.13, 2.12, 2.11, 2.1, 2.08, 2.08, 2.08, 2.04, 2.05, 2.03, 2.02, 2.01, 2, 1.99, 1.96, 1.95, 1.93, 1.89Cotton diet: 2.12, 2.07, 2.01, 1.93, 1.77, 1.68, 1.64, 1.61, 1.59, 1.58, 1.56, 1.55, 1.54, 1.49, 1.45, 1.43, 1.39, 1.34, 1.33, 1.29, 1.26, 1.24, 1.11, 1.05 a) what is the…arrow_forward
- The popular show 13 Reasons Why is organized around the suicide of the 17-year-old Hannah, In the show, Hannah herself describes reasons why she decided to kill herself. One of the early episodes originally depicted her suicide in graphic detail. Some critics and mental health advocates argued that the series represented suicide irresponsibly and worried that the show would lead to copycat suicides or self-harm. To test the effect of the show, Niederkrotenthaler et al. (2019) first used social media to determine the exact months of the year when the show was being discussed. They found that public attention was highest during April 2017. What type of design did they use? Group of answer choices Interrupted time-series design Nonequivalent control group posttest-only design Quasi-independent variable None of the abovearrow_forwardA sample of 250 high school students were asked, “If you had $1000 to contribute to one kind of charitableorganization, which type of organization would you choose? Here is a two-way table that displays data ongender and response to this question. Which of the following conclusions seems to be supported by the data?(a) Most of the females who chose a health organization would have chosen an environmental organizationas their second choice, had they been asked.(b) There is no association between gender and choice of organization.(c) The proportion of males who said they would contribute to an environmental organization is higher thanthe proportion of females who said they would contribute such an organization.(d) None of the students surveyed said they would contribute to religious organizations.(e) The marginal relative frequencies of organization are 140, 110.arrow_forwardFor each scenario, determine research design, then the independent and dependent variables. In a test of roughly 200 men and women, those with moderately high blood pressure did worse on tests of memory than those with normal blood pressure. Is diet or exercise effective in combating insomnia? Forty volunteers suffering from insomnia agreed to participate in a month-long test. Half were randomly assigned to a special no-desserts diet; the others continued desserts as usual and half to an exercise program, while the others did not exercise. Those who ate no desserts and engaged in exercise showed the most improvement.arrow_forward
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