Chapter 11, Problem 11.57EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}^{+}$ is a free radical or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Radiations emitted from a radionuclide are very harmful at higher levels.  Radiations cannot be heard, tasted, seen, or even felt.  Radiation can be detected by making use of the fact that the radiation ionizes molecules and atoms.  Radiations are classified as ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiations.  When an ionizing radiation hits an atom or molecule ion pairs are formed.  Free radicals are also formed along with the ion pairs.

Free radicals can be identified by drawing Lewis structures.  In the Lewis structure if there is an unpaired electron present then it is a free radical.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{+}$ is a free radical or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Radiations emitted from a radionuclide are very harmful at higher levels.  Radiations cannot be heard, tasted, seen, or even felt.  Radiation can be detected by making use of the fact that the radiation ionizes molecules and atoms.  Radiations are classified as ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiations.  When an ionizing radiation hits an atom or molecule ion pairs are formed.  Free radicals are also formed along with the ion pairs.

Free radicals can be identified by drawing Lewis structures.  In the Lewis structure if there is an unpaired electron present then it is a free radical.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species $\text{OH}$ is a free radical or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Radiations emitted from a radionuclide are very harmful at higher levels.  Radiations cannot be heard, tasted, seen, or even felt.  Radiation can be detected by making use of the fact that the radiation ionizes molecules and atoms.  Radiations are classified as ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiations.  When an ionizing radiation hits an atom or molecule ion pairs are formed.  Free radicals are also formed along with the ion pairs.

Free radicals can be identified by drawing Lewis structures.  In the Lewis structure if there is an unpaired electron present then it is a free radical.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ is a free radical or not has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Radiations emitted from a radionuclide are very harmful at higher levels.  Radiations cannot be heard, tasted, seen, or even felt.  Radiation can be detected by making use of the fact that the radiation ionizes molecules and atoms.  Radiations are classified as ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiations.  When an ionizing radiation hits an atom or molecule ion pairs are formed.  Free radicals are also formed along with the ion pairs.

Free radicals can be identified by drawing Lewis structures.  In the Lewis structure if there is an unpaired electron present then it is a free radical.