Chapter 12, Problem 12.42P

12-42 Complete these equations.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

During the hydration of alkene the unsaturated alkene converted into saturated alkane with the addition of H+ and Cl- ions. This reaction is carried out in the presence of acid therefore it is called acid catalyzed hydration of alkene.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the given equation, the reactant is a cyclic alkene to which HCl is added. And the characteristics reactions given by the alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. The addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is Cl^-. On numbering the carbon atoms, the structure is.

Now as per the rule, the hydrogen in the above equation attaches to carbon 2 as carbon 2 of the double bond has one hydrogen attached to it. The Cl- will attached to carbon 1 as it has no carbon attached to it. Thus, the complete reaction is:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

During the hydration of alkene the unsaturated alkene converted into saturated alkane with the addition of H+ and OH- ions in the presence of H₂ SO₄. This reaction is carried out in the presence of acid therefore it is called acid catalyzed hydration of alkene.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the given equation, the reactant is a cyclic alkene to which H₂ O is added. And the characteristics reactions given by the alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. The addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is OH^-. On numbering the carbon atoms, the structure is.

Now as per the rule, the hydrogen in the above equation attaches to carbon 2 as carbon 2 of the double bond has one hydrogen attached to it. The OH- will attached to carbon 1 as it has no carbon attached to it. Thus, the complete reaction is:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

During the hydration of alkene the unsaturated alkene converted into saturated alkane with the addition of H+ and I- ions.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the above equation, the reactant is an alkene to which HI is added. We also know that the characteristics reactions given by alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. This addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is I^-. On numbering the double bonded carbons of the alkene, the structure is.

Now as per the rule, the hydrogen in the above equation attaches to carbon 1 as carbon 1 of the double bond has two hydrogen attached to it. The I- will attached to carbon 2 as it has only one carbon attached to it. Thus, the complete reaction is:

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the above equation, the reactant is an alkene to which HCl is added. We also know that the characteristics reactions given by alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. This addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is Cl^-. On numbering the double bonded carbons of the alkene, the structure is.

Now as per the rule, the hydrogen in the above equation attaches to carbon 1 as carbon 1 of the double bond has two hydrogen attached to it. The Cl- will attached to carbon 2 as it has only no carbon attached to it. Thus, the complete reaction is:

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

During the hydration of alkene the unsaturated alkene converted into saturated alkane with the addition of H+ and OH- ions in the presence of H₂ SO₄. This reaction is carried out in the presence of acid therefore it is called acid catalyzed hydration of alkene.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the above equation, the reactant is an alkene to which H₂ O is added. We also know that the characteristics reactions given by alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. This addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is OH^-. On numbering the alkene, the structure is.

Now the below product will form where hydrogen will attach to the 2^nd carbon to form more suitable product:

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

Complete the below equation:

Concept introduction:

During the hydration of alkene the unsaturated alkene converted into saturated alkane with the addition of H+ and OH- ions in the presence of H₂ SO₄. This reaction is carried out in the presence of acid therefore it is called acid catalyzed hydration of alkene.

Answer to Problem 12.42P

Explanation of Solution

As per the above equation, the reactant is an alkene to which H₂ O is added. We also know that the characteristics reactions given by alkenes are addition reactions in which the addition takes place at the double bond. This addition follows the Markovnikov’s rule.

As per the Markovnikov’s rule, the hydrogen acid is added to the carbon of a double bond containing higher number of hydrogens in it. The halogen part is added to the carbon in the double bond containing fewer number of hydrogens in it. Here, the positive part is H+ and the halogen part is OH^-. On numbering the alkene, the structure is.

Now as per the rule, the hydrogen in the above equation attaches to carbon 1 as carbon 1 of the double bond has two hydrogen attached to it. The OH- will attached to carbon 2 as it has only one carbon attached to it. Thus, the complete reaction is: