Chapter 1.2, Problem V.8E

symbolic logic uses only declarative statements or propositions because any other type of proposition are not truth-functional,that is ,they cannot be either true or false?

Derive at least one valid immediate conclusion in the statement and explain  it's not the case that some F is G.

Which statement about allocation of risk regarding differing site conditions and bidding is not correct? A contractor bids higher for a project on which he assumes more risk regarding differing site conditions. Unit prices in a bid help to mitigate the risk of differing site conditions to an owner and a contractor. A contractor’s bid will be affected by the allocation of risk. Differing site conditions are typically less of a source of contention for cost-plus contracts than for lump-sum contracts. An owner should expect higher bids if he accepts more of the risk for himself regarding differing site conditions