A study was performed assessing the association between lifetime analgesic intake and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured from two blood samples obtained in 1989 and 2000 among 1645 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study (Curhan, et al. [45]). GFR is a commonly used index of kidney
Provide a 95% CI for the OR computed in Problem 13.19.
13.19 What is the estimated odds ratio for being a case comparing Group D to Group A?
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Fundamentals of Biostatistics
- What is the relative risk for the association between men and women vs COVID-19 infection? What do you conclude?arrow_forwardDoes posting calorie content for menu items affectpeople’s choices in fast-food restaurants? According to results obtained by Elbel, Gyamfi, and Kersh(2011), the answer is no. The researchers monitoredthe calorie content of food purchases for children andadolescents in four large fast-food chains before andafter mandatory labeling began in New York City. Although most of the adolescents reported noticing thecalorie labels, apparently the labels had no effect ontheir choices. Data similar to the results obtained showan average of M = 786 calories per meal with s =85 for n =100 children and adolescents before thelabeling, compared to an average of M = 772 calorieswith s = 91 for a similar sample of n = 100 after themandatory posting.a. Use a two-tailed test with a = .05 to determinewhether the mean number of calories after theposting is significantly different than before caloriecontent was posted.b. Calculate r2to measure effect size for the mean difference.arrow_forwardRogers, Farlow, and colleagues (1998) conducted an experiment to investigate whether donepezil improved cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A total of 1,775 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either donepezil or a placebo (a look-alike pill with no pharmacological effect). Cognitive function, as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog), was significantly improved in patients taking donepezil compared with the placebo group at weeks 12, 18, and 24. [Source: Rogers, S. L., Farlow, M. R., Doody, R. S., et al. (1998). A 24-week, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 50, 136–145.] In this experiment, the independent variable is , and the dependent variable is . The individuals who are in the control condition are typically referred to as the control group. Here, the control group consists of . is a construct that is being tested in this…arrow_forward
- A Canadian study measuring depression level in teens (as reported in the Journal of Adolescence, vol. 25, 2002) randomly sampled 112 male teens and 101 female teens, and scored them on a common depression scale (higher score representing more depression). The researchers suspected that the mean depression score for male teens is higher than for female teens, and wanted to check whether data would support this hypothesis. What conclusion can you draw from the output? The data provide sufficient evidence to reject H0 and to conclude that the mean depression score for male teens is larger than that of female teens. The data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that male and female teens do not differ in mean depression score. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean depression score of male teens is larger than that of female teens. The data do not provide sufficient evidence to reject H0, so we accept it, and conclude that male and female teens do…arrow_forwardThe authors of this study report a Pearson correlation coefficient estimate of r = 0.23 with a p-value of <0.01. Interpret.arrow_forwardA suburban hotel derives its revenue from its hotel and restaurant operations. Theowners are interested in the relationship between the number of rooms occupied on anightly basis and the revenue per day in the restaurant. Below is a sample of 25 days(Monday through Thursday) from last year showing the restaurant income and numberof rooms occupied.arrow_forward
- In a study to determine if using low-intensity laser therapy reduces pain for orthodontic patients who are fitted with new braces, patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (who did not receive laser treatment) or an experimental group who did receive laser treatment.† The researchers found that the mean pain rating was lower for those in the laser treatment group than for those in the control group both two days and six days after receiving braces. The researchers used these data to determine if there was evidence to support the claim that the mean pain rating is lower for patients who receive the laser treatment. Answer the four key questions. Q, Question Type: Estimation or hypothesis testing? estimationhypothesis testing S, Study Type: Sample data or experiment data? sample dataexperiment data T, Type of Data: One variable or two? Categorical or numerical? one categorical variableone numerical variable two categorical variablestwo numerical variables…arrow_forwardBased on a survey of a random sample of 900 adults in the United States, a journalist reports that A random sample of 100 movie goers was asked to state his or her gender and favorite soft drink available at the local movie theater. The results appear in the table below. Is there a relationship between gender and soft drink preference? Coke Diet Coke Sprite Male 23 11 12 Female 16 28 10 To analyze the results, which of the following tests is most appropriate? A)Chi-square test of independence B)Chi-square test of homogeneity C)Two sample t-test D)Matched pair t-test E)Chi-square goodness of fitarrow_forwardA RCT was published in JAMA in July 2016 to determine whether palliative care-led family meetings reduced the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms among family caregivers of patients with chronic critical illness, as compared to routine care. Researchers reported a difference in anxiety and depression symptoms (measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] symptom score) between the two arms of 0.8 over a 3-month period, with the P-value being 0.34. In the RCT described above, is the result statistically significant or not? Alpha was set at 0.05. Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Recently, researchers have begun to focus on the relationship between potentially toxic environmental exposures in children to a number of adverse health outcomes. Suppose one such researcher wants to investigate the relationship between lead levels in soil (micrograms/dL) and BMI (kg/m2). The following table represents a SRS of households with the corresponding exterior lead levels and BMI of a randomly sampled child in the home. Lead levels BMI 13.6 19.7 14.3 19.9 9.7 20.1 9.4 22.1 11.4 19.8 10.9 21.6 A) Write out the null and alternative hypotheses for a formal test of significance testing the correlation between the two variables and calulate a t statistic and interpret your pvalue and results.arrow_forwardHigh levels of blood sugar are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. A levelhigher than normal is referred to as “impaired fasting glucose.” The article “Association ofLow-Moderate Arsenic Exposure and Arsenic Metabolism with Incident Diabetes andInsulin Resistance in the Strong Heart Family Study” (M. Grau-Perez, C. Kuo, et al.,Environmental Health Perspectives, 2017, online) reports a study in which 47 of 155 peoplewith impaired fasting glucose had type 2 diabetes. Consider this to be a simple randomsample. a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of people with impaired fasting glucose who have type 2 diabetes. b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of people with impaired fasting glucose who have type 2 diabetes. c) A doctor claims that less than 35% of people with impaired fasting glucose have type 2 diabetes. With what level of confidence can this claim be made?arrow_forwardA case–control study of patients on antihypertensive drugs related an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) for patients using calcium channel blockers (Psaty, et al.,1995). In this study, cases were antihypertensive drug patients who had suffered a first fatal or nonfatal MI through 1993, and controls were antihypertensive patients, matched by demographic factors, who had not suffered a MI. Among the comparisons reported were patients receiving calcium channel (CC) blockers (with and without diuretics) and patients receiving β–blockers (with and without diuretics). Results of numbers of patient by drug/MI status combination are given in Table 1. Compute the odds ratio of suffering MI (CC blockers relative to β–blockers), and the corresponding 95% CI. Does it appear that calcium channel blockers are associated with higher odds (and thus probability) of suffering MI than β –blockers? Table 1: Observed cell counts for antihypertensive drug/MI data Occurrence of…arrow_forward
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