Suppose a planetary nebula is 4.3 pc in diameter, and Doppler shifts in its spectrum show that the planetary nebula is expanding at 31 km/s. How old is the planetary nebula? (Note: 1 pc = 3.1 ✕ 1013 km and 1 yr = 3.2 ✕ 107 s.)

Q: if the stars at the turnoff point in a star cluster have masses of about 9 M⊙, how old is the…

A: Mass of the star at the turn off point is  9 times of mass of the sun.

Q: Life on Earth wouldn't be possible without supernovae.  Why?

A:

Q: A planetary nebula expanded in radius 0.3 arc seconds in 30 years.  Doppler measurements show the…

A: The rate of expansion, vkm/s=35.0 km/s   The expansion radius, r=0.3 arc s   The time duration,…

Q: At the end of its life, a star with a mass of two times the Sun’s mass is expected to collapse,…

A: Let the mass of the star be denoted by m.Let the mass of the sun be denoted by msThe mass number A…

Q: 9. Use the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium and the assumption of constant density to compute…

A: Given : M = 4 solar mass and R = 16 solar radius

Q: Calculate the expected life span of a 16 solar mass star

A:

Q: What is the heaviest element likely to be produced in fusion processes in stars?

A: iron is the heaviest element stars can make.

Q: You observe a spectral line from an emission nebula at a wavelength of 723 x 10-9 m.  If you are…

A:

Q: If a giant molecular cloud is 60 pc in diameter and a shock wave can sweep through it in 3 million…

A: Given the diameter of a giant molecular cloud is d = 60 pc (Parsec) time taken to sweep the cloud is…

Q: How does the extreme temperature sensitivity of the CNO cycle affect the structure of stars?

A: As a result of the extreme temperature dependence of CNO burning, those stars that are dominated by…

Q: At the end of its life, a star with a mass 7.8 times the Sun's mass is expected to collapse,…

A: Given,  Mass of star m = 7.8 x 1.99 x 1030 Kg Mass of neutron mn = 1.67 x 10-27 Kg

Q: At the average density of a star-forming molecular cloud, about 900 atoms per cm3, determine how…

A: Given:- M=2 times 1030 kg density=900 atoms/cm3= 1.51 times 10-18 kg/m3 Find radius of the sphere…

Q: If we look at a cluster featruing a lot of ble stars, we know the cluster is young. How do we know…

A: Generally stars that can be seen by the naked eye, tend to be greater in diameter and shine more…

Q: If the accretion disk around a neutron star has a radius of 8 ✕ 105 km, what is the orbital velocity…

A: Given Data: The radius of the neutron star is r = 8 x 105 km. As we know that the mass of the…

Q: How is the turnoff point on the H-R diagram of a cluster related to the cluster’s age?

A: Given:- The turnoff point on the H-R diagram of a cluster related to the cluster’s age Explain:- How…

Q: 1. The neutrino flux from SN 1987A was estimated to be 1.3 x 1014 m-2 at the location of Earth. If…

A:

Q: In the Benchmark Model, what is the total mass of all the matter within the current Hubble Radius…

A:

Q: What is the escape velocity (in km/s) from the surface of a 1.5 M neutron star? From a 3.0 M neutron…

A:

Q: What is the escape velocity (in km/s) from the surface of a 1.6 M, neutron star? From a 3.0 Mo…

A: The mass of the Sun, M⊙=1.99×1030 kg   The radius of the neutron star, r=11 km

Q: If a globular cluster contains 2 million stars and is 30 pc in diameter, what is the average…

A: A Globular cluster is a cluster of old stars, only a few years younger than the Universe itself…

Q: When a region of a molecular cloud collapses, a protostar is formed. How do the temperature and…

A: Protostars form primarily in the spiral arms of galaxies in the modern era, which spans at least the…

Q: If a contracting protostar is 0.5 times as luminous as the Sun and has a temperature of only 1,500…

A:

Q: At the average density of of a star-forming molecular cloud, about 1180 atoms per cm3, determine how…

A:

Q: you assume that a globular cluster 4 arc minutes in diameter is actually 27 pc in diameter, how far…

A:

Q: Extinction dims starlight by about 1 magnitude per 1,000 pc. If one out of every 10,000 photons…

A: A photon is a type of elementary particle. It is the quantum of the electromagnetic field, which…

Q: Suppose a planetary nebula is 3.5 pc in diameter, and Doppler shifts in its spectrum show that the…

A:

Q: A planetary nebula expanded in radius 0.2 arc seconds in 10 years. Doppler measurements show the…

A:

Q: A planetary nebula expands at 32 km/s. How far will it expand (in km) in 0.6 million years?

A: Given:speed, v = 32 km/stime, t = 0.6 million yrs

Q: rder the path of a "massive" protostar.

A: 1) The main sequence star glows, hydrogen in its core is converted into helium by nuclear fusion.…

Q: Vega Star of radius (1.6832) million km emit a) thermal radiation as a black body radiation at…

A:

Q: A certain giant molecular cloud has a mass of 9.50 x 1035 kg, and 2.00 percent of its mass is…

A:

Q: If an open cluster contains 500 stars and is 25 pc in diameter, what is the average distance between…

A: A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a glalactic core. Globular…

Q: The radius of the nebula is about 0.401 light-years. The gas is expanding away from the star at a…

A: Given that, r=0.401 light year1 light year=9.46×1015 mr=0.401×9.46×1015=3.79×1015 mThe particle at…

Q: How do the spectra of H II regions differ from the spectra of reflection nebulae? Why?

A:

Q: If you assume that a globular cluster 6 arc minutes in diameter is actually 27 pc in diameter, how…

A:

Q: If an open cluster contains 650 stars and is 27 pc in diameter, what is the average distance between…

A: Given,  number of stars in cluster = 650 Diameter = 27 pc So volume of cluster = 43πD23 volume…

Q: If a giant molecular cloud has a mass of 2.0 ✕ 1035 kg, and it converts 8 percent of its mass into…

A: Given data: The mass of giant molecular cloud M = 2.0 × 1035 kg The mass converts into stars = 8% of…

Q: When the outward pressure balances inward gravitational pressure, the protostar stabilizes. (True or…

A: Yes it is true. There is two types of majority force acting gravitational potential and gas…

Q: what is the average density of a neutron star that has the same mass as the sun but a radius of only…

A: Given,  Radius of neutron star : 82.794 km mass of sun = mass of neutron star = 1.989 ×1030 kg

Q: What is the escape velocity (in km/s) from the surface of a 1.1 M. neutron star? From a 3.0 M,…

A: “Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: If a giant molecular cloud has a diameter of 56 pc and drifts relative to nearby objects at 19 km/s,…

A: Given that :Drift= 19 km/s       =0.019 m/sDiameter= 56pc             =56 x 3.1 x 1016 m…

Stellar evolution

We may see thousands of stars in the dark sky. Our universe consists of billions of stars. Stars may appear tiny to us but they are huge balls of gasses. Sun is a star of average size. Some stars are even a thousand times larger than the sun. The stars do not exist forever they have a certain lifetime. The life span of the sun is about 10 billion years. The star undergoes various changes during its lifetime, this process is called stellar evolution. The structure of the sun-like star is shown below.

Red Shift

It is an astronomical phenomenon. In this phenomenon, increase in wavelength with corresponding decrease in photon energy and frequency of radiation of light. It is the displacement of spectrum of any kind of astronomical object to the longer wavelengths (red) side.