The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival. Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

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The origin of genes that have new functions often involves the divergence of geneduplicates. Duplicates can arise via severalmechanisms.a. One mechanism of gene duplication is retrotransposition, the insertion into the genomeof DNA produced by reverse transcription ofa messenger RNA. These gene duplicates areoften dead on arrival: they are pseudogenesas soon as they are formed. Why are suchduplicates so often dead on arrival?b. A second mechanism of gene duplicationoccurs via unequal crossing over duringmeiosis. Gene duplicates formed this way arefunctional more often than when they arise byreverse transcription. Why is that?c. If a gene duplicate is initially functional, whatare its possible ultimate fates? Which is mostlikely, and why?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

Answer 6

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

Answer 7

Chapter 14, Problem 1PDT

a.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason for gene duplicates being so dead on arrival.

Introduction: The mechanism in which messenger RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA leading to the integration of DNA into the genome is called retrotransposition. The process results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Retrotransposition can result in the formation of pseudogenes.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Duplicative genes arising from retrotransposition does not have introns. However, due to the lack of introns, they can be easily distinguished from the parental genes, and they may not undergo post-transcriptional changes resulting in the death of the genes (pseudogenes). Therefore, that they are often dead on arrival.

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

Answer 13

b.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The duplicative genes obtained after unequal crossing over is more functional than gene arise by retrotransposition.

Introduction: The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. Unequal crossing over results from misalignment of the chromosomes during meiosis ultimately leading to the process of recombination. Retrotransposition results in the formation of duplicate genes which are different from the parental genome and also present on a different chromosome. Unequal crossing over results in the formation of functional gene products while retrotransposition leads to the formation of pseudogenes.

Answer 14

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The gene duplicates formed due to unequal crossing over is functional in nature as they have introns and exons. The gene duplicates are capable to undergo post-transcriptional modifications leading to the formation of functional protein. In case of retrotransposition gene duplicates does not have introns. However, due to lack of introns, they cannot undergo post-transcriptional modifications thereby resulting in nonfunctional gene product.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 16

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Answer 19

c.

Summary Introduction

To discuss: The ultimate fates of functional gene duplicates.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Answer 20

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Functional gene products arising from different mechanisms can undergo four different fates which are as follows:

The redundancy of the gene duplicate may result in the deletion of the duplicate gene product.
The gene duplicate may retain its original function. These duplicates are favored as they are able to retain their function due to which they can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.
The duplicate gene product would evolve as the gene that is characterized by novel biological function.
The parent gene along with duplicate gene products may subfunctionalize to perform the functions related to ancestral genes.

Answer 21

c.

Expert Solution

Answer 22

c.

Expert Solution

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.

Answer 25

Summary Introduction

To determine: The most suitable fate of gene duplication.

Introduction: The gene duplicates arising from different mechanisms after being fixed in a population can undergo several fates. The formation of duplicative genes can occur by unequal crossing over and through retrotransposition. The gene duplicates may lose their function due to deletion or may retain its original function.

Answer 26

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The process of gene duplication resulting in retaining the original function of the gene is more likely to happen as the genes can undergo the process of selection for increased gene expression.