Concept explainers
To review:
The source and sink of electrons in respiration, lithotrophy, and photolysis.
Introduction:
An electron transport chain is a series of reactions in which the electron carrier transfers the electron to the carrier of the next- higher reduction potential (E) in a sequential manner. The electron flow is initiated with an initial electron donor from the outside of the cell that transfers the electrons to a terminal electron acceptor leaving the cell.
Explanation of Solution
Lithotrophy is an energy-yielding form of
In the process of photosynthesis, energy is derived from the photoexcitation of the light-absorbing pigment. The process of photolysis which is a light-driven separation of an electron from a molecule coupled to an electron transport chain is a consequence of photoexcitation. Photolysis is termed as “ light-reactions� that is coupled to “light-independent reactions� of carbon dioxide fixation in the plant chloroplast and cyanobacteria. The process of photoexcitation in ETS (electron transport system)-based photosynthesis causes the separation of the electron from a donor molecule like H2O (water) or H2S (hydrogen sulfide). The electrons are then transferred to an electron transport system which produces a proton potential and the reduced cofactor NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen). Proton potential is responsible to drive ATP (adenosine triphsophate) synthesis through an F1 and F0 ATP synthase.
Bacteria that are obligate aerobes grow only by using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor like Sinorhizobiummeliloti. Although in anaerobic respiration, some bacteria and Archae use terminal electron acceptors like metals, oxidized ions of nitrogen and sulphur, and chlorinated organic molecules. In Escherichiacoli,different terminal oxidoreductases to reduce alternative electron acceptors are present which are termed as “reductases�. Some of the inorganic electron acceptors are nitrate (NO3) reduced to nitrite (NO2-) or NO2- reduced to NO (nitric oxide). The organic electron acceptors also play an important role in the process of food decomposition. In aerobic bacteria, the respiratory electron transport system leads to the formation of water by receiving electrons from NADH and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide dihydrogen) and transferring them to oxygen.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
- Differentiate between electron acceptors in respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) and fermentation.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the processes of cyclic and non cyclic phosphorylation as follows: 1. Source of electrons (Donor) 2. Final acceptor of electrons 3. Products 4. Pathway of electron flow 5. Photosystems involvedarrow_forwardList the products of linear electron transport and cyclic electron transport, and describe the role of cyclic electron transport.arrow_forward
- Explain the metabolic processes in cyanobacteria (glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain and photosynthesis) happening.arrow_forwardDescribe the flow of electrons through photosystems I and II in the noncyclic electron transport pathway and the products produced. Contrast this flow with cyclic electron transport.arrow_forwardDescribe the energy sources used by photosynthetic organisms and chemoorganoheterotrophs.arrow_forward
- Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP formation, its relationshipto electron transport, and the final step in electron transfer.arrow_forwardDifferentiate between bacterial photosynthesis and non-bacterial photosynthesis.arrow_forwardDescribe the major features and chemical events in photosynthesis and cellular respirationarrow_forward
- What are the principal sources of electrons for the electron transport pathway?arrow_forwardDescribe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction eventsarrow_forwardHOW ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROBES ABLE TO EXTRACT ∼38 MOLECULES OF ATP FROM 3 MOLECULES OF CO2? EXPLAIN BY PROVIDING AN OUTLINE.arrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College