21st Century Astronomy: The Solar System (Sixth Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780393691283
Author: Laura Kay; Stacy Palen; George Blumenthal
Publisher: W. W. Norton
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Chapter 14, Problem 41QP
To determine
The temperature of sunspot.
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a) At solar maximum sunspots might cover up to 0.4% of the total area of the Sun. If the sunspots have a temperature of 3800 K and the surrounding photosphere has a temperature of 6000 K, calculate the fractional change (as a percentage) in the luminosity due to the presence of the sunspots.
b) A star of the same stellar class as the Sun is observed regularly over many years, and a time series of its bolometric apparent magnitude is collected. What would be the signal in this time series which indicated that the star had a magnetic dynamo similar to the Sun? Briefly describe two or three possible sources of other signals which could confuse the interpretation of the data.
If a sunspot has a temperature of 4,270 K and the average solar photosphere has a temperature of 5,780 K, how many times more energy is emitted in 1 second from a square meter of the photosphere compared to a square meter of the sunspot? (Hint: Use the Stefan-Boltzmann law,
E = σT4 (J/s/m2)
where E is the energy, σ is a proportionality constant equal to 5.67 ✕ 10−8 J/s/m2/K4, and T is the temperature in kelvins.)
Describe what the Sun would look like from Earth if the entire photosphere were the same temperature as a sunspot.
Chapter 14 Solutions
21st Century Astronomy: The Solar System (Sixth Edition)
Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 14.1ACYUCh. 14.1 - Prob. 14.1BCYUCh. 14.2 - Prob. 14.2CYUCh. 14.3 - Prob. 14.3CYUCh. 14.4 - Prob. 14.4CYUCh. 14 - Prob. 1QPCh. 14 - Prob. 2QPCh. 14 - Prob. 3QPCh. 14 - Prob. 4QPCh. 14 - Prob. 5QP
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- If a sunspot has a temperature of 4,430 K and the sunspot can be considered a blackbody, what is the wavelength (in nm) of maximum intensity of the sunspot's radiation?arrow_forwardWhat types of changes effect the Sun's energy output? Cycle 24 Sunspot Number (V2.0) Prediction (2016 10) 300 200 100 Cycle Cycle Cycle 22 23 24 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Hathaway NASA/ARC O A. 11 year solar sunspot cycles change the amount of radiation given off by the Sun. O B. As the Sun rotates more energy is scattered to space and less is retained on the surface. O C. Cycles of solar flares and prominences heat and cool the layers below the Sun's surface. O D. Solar energy is affected by the core output of photons.arrow_forwardTable 15.1 indicates that the density of the Sun is 1.41 g/cm3. Since other materials, such as ice, have similar densities, how do you know that the Sun is not made of ice?arrow_forward
- Why do sunspots look dark?arrow_forwardFrom the information in Figure 15.21, estimate the speed with which the particles in the CME in parts (c) and (d) are moving away from the Sun. Figure 15.21 Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection. This sequence of four images shows the evolution over time of a giant eruption on the Sun. (a) The event began at the location of a sunspot group, and (b) a flare is seen in far-ultraviolet light. (c) Fourteen hours later, a CME is seen blasting out into space. (d) Three hours later, this CME has expanded to form a giant cloud of particles escaping from the Sun and is beginning the journey out into the solar system. The white circle in (c) and (d) shows the diameter of the solar photosphere. The larger dark area shows where light from the Sun has been blocked out by a specially designed instrument to make it possible to see the faint emission from the corona. (credit a, b, c, d: modification of work by SOHO/EIT, SOHO/LASCO, SOHO/MDI (ESA & NASA))arrow_forwardAssuming an average sunspot cycle of 11 years, how many revolutions does the equator of the Sun make during that one cycle? Do higher latitudes make more or fewer revolutions compared to the equator?arrow_forward
- What is the average density of the Sun? How does it compare to the average density of Earth?arrow_forwardThe text says that the Local Fluff, which surrounds the Sun, has a temperature of 7500 K and a density 0.1 atom per cm3. The Local Fluff is embedded in hot gas with a temperature of 106 K and a density of about 0.01 atom per cm3. Are they in equilibrium? (Hint: In pressure equilibrium, the two regions must have nT equal, where n is the number of particles per unit volume and T is the temperature.) What is likely to happen to the Local Fluff?arrow_forwardWhat do measurements of the number of neutrinos emitted by the Sun tell us about conditions deep in the solar interior?arrow_forward
- Make a sketch of the Sun’s atmosphere showing the locations of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. What is the approximate temperature of each of these regions?arrow_forwardThis chapter gives the average sunspot cycle as 11 years. Verify this using Figure 15.26. Figure 15.26 Numbers of Sunspots over Time. This diagram shows how the number of sunspots has changed with time since counts of the numbers of spots began to be recorded on a consistent scale. Note the low number of spots during the early years of the nineteenth century, the Little Maunder Minimum. (credit: modification of work by NASA/ARC)arrow_forwardThe radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km. What percentage of the radius is taken up by the chromosphere? (Hint: Refer to Figure 8-1.)arrow_forward
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