In 1918, an influenza pandemic that originated with avian flu killed 50 million people. Researchers isolated samples of that virus from bodies of infected people preserved in Alaskan permafrost since 1918. From the samples, they sequenced the viral genome, then reconstructed the virus. The reconstructed virus is 39,000 times more infectious than modern influenza strains, and 100 percent lethal in mice.   Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other deadly influenza strains that arise. For example, discovering what makes it so infectious would help researchers design more effective vaccines. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, terrorists could use the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus for horrific purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?

Q: Compare and contrast the composition of a viral genome to that of a cellular organism’s genome.

A: Microbiology is the study of living organisms which cannot be seen through naked eyes (microbes).…

Q: In an expository essay: How did the concepts of globalization or regionalism help in addressing the…

A: COVID 19 is a pandemic, it affected the whole world and reason in several deaths within one year.

Q: Viruses that infect bacterial cells do not infect human cells, and viruses that infect human cells…

A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is  composed of…

Q: The Seneca valley virus packages the RNA genome using: A:Cellular chaperone proteins B:A stargate…

A: The Seneca valley virus also known as picornavirus causes several diseases in humans as well as…

Q: Is there such a thing as a “good virus”? Explain why or why not.Consider both bacteriophages and…

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: Which statement best explains why the virus that causes dog flu does not infect humans? In other…

A: A virus is an 'infectious agent' that consists of genetic material (either RNA or DNA) enclosed in a…

Q: According to origin-of-life scenarios proposed by William Martin, Michael Russell, and Theodor…

A: Genetic molecules are the biomolecules that represent the genetic material of the organisms. The…

Q: Which of the following statements concerning viruses and human health is false? a-in many diseases…

A: A virus is a little collection of genetic material that can be either DNA or RNA and is protected by…

Q: A common way to prevent infectious viral diseases, such as COVID-19 and the flu, is to develop a…

A: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot survive outside a living/host cell. They are…

Q: Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as…

A: Answer: Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can…

Q: What are the similarities and differences between retroviruses and retrotransposons? It has been…

A: Retroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses and have two copies of RNA. The whole of the virus…

Q: Why do most viruses that infect bacteria have tails, whereas most viruses that infect animals and…

A: Virus are tiny disease causing particles that are even smaller than the bacteria . They possess dual…

Q: What technique would you employ to analyse the microbiome found in a human gut? Briefly describe how…

A: Mictobiome is the types and number of microbes present in inside the gut. The information of…

Q: Viruses are acellular because a. they are biological entities that do not have a cellular…

A: Viruses cause a variety of diseases and lies between living and non-living boundaries. The simplest…

Q: Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that…

A: Live attenuated vaccines contain viruses that have been “weakened” so that they create a protective…

Q: Can viruses adapt by natural selection?

A: Virus is defined as a submicroscopic infectious parasite that resides inside a living cell. It has a…

Q: Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the similarities and relatedness that exist…

A: Introduction:  Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a lentivirus that affects a number of nonhuman…

Q: One advantage of using bacteria and viruses for genetic study is the fact that they have haploid…

A: The half set of paired chromosomes in the cell is called the haploid genome. The cell that consist…

Q: Suppose that a time machine allows you to go back in time (and to travel to Australia), and you have…

A: Rabbits injected with the virus of same year will have higher survival rate because at that time…

Q: You are a virologist studying a newly isolated viral strain and have sequenced its genome. You find…

A: Option A is correct.

Q: Rabies virus and poliovirus both have singlestranded RNA genomes, but only in poliovirus can…

A: Poliovirus has RNA based genome with single stranded positive sense RNA with 7.5 kb long. Poliovirus…

Q: How might a bacteriophage be used to treat a bacterial infection? – this question relates to…

A: INTRODUCTION Viruses are obligate parasites that live inside the host cells. The structure of…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: Why is it a strong evolutionary hypothesis that although viruses are the structurally simplest…

A: Viruses are the acellular entities that are considered as sub-microscopic infectious agents. They…

Q: Do you think that this occurrence of medical breakthroughs that resulted to drug-resistant viruses…

A: Drug resistance occurs when the the viruses,bacteria,fungi etc that is microbes change over time and…

Q: Epidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence…

A: Leukemia is cancer of the blood or bone marrow . Leukemia is a malignant increase in the number of…

Q: An experimental drug therapy to treat patients with antibiotic-resistant bacteria involves…

A: phage therapy depends on the choice of phage/s. a cocktail of multiple phages that display a wider…

Q: According to studies of SARS- CoV-2, the typical genetic mutation rate for this virus is 1 mutation…

A: Viruses have the ability to mutate over time. As they undergo replication minute errors are…

Q: Biology 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such…

A: The centra; dogma of the molecular biology was given by Francis Crick to explain the formation of a…

Q: viruses are not living, how come they adapt to their environment, replicate and cause infection? In…

A: Viruses contain a set of genes ( either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called capsid and…

Q: The 1918 influenza strain killed millions of people world-wide. After recovering virus from…

A: The influenza virus, which infects the respiratory tract, causes influenza. The influenza virus is…

Q: According to your own understanding, what do you think makes viruses some of the most common disease…

A: Viruses are microscopic biological agents that attack living hosts and infect their bodies by…

Q: What is the basic classification of viruses. In other words, if you find a new virus, what is the…

A: Viruses are considered as non cellular; simple entities. They are considered as obligate…

Q: Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other deadly influenza…

A: Researches are done to have complete information about the viruses so that we develop new techniques…

Q: Discuss how we could use the Complexity theory to help evaluate the world response to the COVID-19…

A: **COVID-19 pandemic is driven by human-to-human transmission, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is also known to…

Q: What causes influenza viruses to change through time?

A: Influenza is a "viral infection" that mainly affects the respiratory system of an individual. Mainly…

Q: what event occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus…

A: A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria and replicates within the bacteria. It is also…

Q: Which type of virus must contain an RNA replicase packaged in the viral particle in order to carry…

A: A virus is a small collection of genetic code, it can be  DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat…

Q: A" is a retrovirus. It can integrate DNA into random sites of human genome. Another virus "B" can…

A: Gene therapy is a modern experimental technique that makes use of genes in treating and preventing…

Q: Viruses infect healthy host cells by injecting their genetic material into the host cell and…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that multiplies solely within an organism's live cells. Viruses…

Q: Imagine that a researcher discovers a new type of virus. This virus contains single‑stranded RNA…

A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is  composed of…

Q: Researchers have recently discovered giant viruses that are 1 μm in length, the same size as some…

A: All living organisms must perform the basic functions of life process that are necessary for…

Q: After a positive strand RNA virus ( Such as Coronaviruses) enters the host cell, the RNA is…

A:

Q: Which viruses have potential for the highest mutation rates, DNA or RNA viruses? Explain

A: DNA viruses and RNA viruses have deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, respectively. These…

Q: Some advocate stockpiling the drug Tamiflu in the event of an influenza pandemic. Others point out…

A: Tamiflu the generic name is Oseltamivir is an antiviral medicine used for the treatment and…

Q: HIV is a retrovirus what does this mean? A. That is a DNA virus and it must make RNA before it can…

A: Answer is option  B.) That it is an RNA virus and must convert its genetic material to DNA once…

Q: Suppose that a time machine allows you to go back in time (and to travel to Australia), and you have…

A: The body of a living organism is always in a constant fight against external forces and pathogens…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.