Videos
Define the following:
a. spontaneous process
b. entropy
c. positional probability
d. system
e. surroundings
f. universe
(a)
Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.
An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction.
(b)
Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.
It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
(c)
Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.
(d)
Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
(e)
Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
(f)
Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry: Matter and Change
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life (5th Edition)
Basic Chemistry (5th Edition)
General Chemistry: Atoms First
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
- Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e. surroundings f. universearrow_forwardConsider the system shown in Figure 16.9. What is the change in entropy for the process where the energy is initially associated only with particle A, but in the final state the energy is distributed between two different particles?arrow_forwardWhat happens to the entropy of the universe during a spontaneous process?arrow_forward
- There is another free energy state function, the Helmholtz free energy (A), defined as A = E — TS. Comparing this to the definition of G, we see that internal energy has replaced enthalpy in the definition. Under what conditions would this free energy tell us whether or not a process is spontaneous?arrow_forwardWhich contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene at the same temperature? Explain in terms of the dispersal of energy in the substance.arrow_forwardThe reaction CO2(g)+H2(g)CO(g)+H2O(g) is not spontaneous at room temperature but becomes spontaneous at a much higher temperature. What can you conclude from this about the signs of H and S , assuming that the enthalpy and entropy changes are not greatly affected by the temperature change? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Identify each of the processes listed as spontaneous or non-spontaneous. For each non spontaneous process, describe the corresponding spontaneous process in the opposite direction. (a) Oxygen molecules dissociate to form oxygen atoms. (b) A tray of water is placed in the sun on a warm day and freezes. (c) A solution of salt water forms a layer of acid on top of a layer of base. (d) Silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride and a precipitate forms. (e) Sulfuric acid sitting in a beaker turns into water by giving off gaseous SO3.arrow_forwardAcetic acid in vinegar results from the bacterial oxidation of ethanol. C2H5OH(l)+O2(g)CH3COOH(l)+H2O(l) What is S for this reaction? Use standard entropy values. (See Appendix C for data.)arrow_forwardUse the standard entropy data in Appendix G to determine the change in entropy for each of the reactions listed in Exercise 16.34. All the processes occur at the standard conditions and 25 C.arrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning
World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStax
Introductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning