A team of phys clans treated four patients with breast cancer. Each patient received a course of chemotherapy (the same combination of drugs for each patient). In addition, researchers sequenced the genotype of cells in healthy skin tissue and in each patient's tumor at intervals during the treatment period. At the end of the course of treatment, all four patients were declared free of detectable cancer. But within 18 months, three of the patients had suffered a relapse. The researchers sequenced samples from the new tumors. If you compared the genetic information from the four patients, what kind of difference might you expect to find between the cured patient and the ones who suffered relapses? How might the theory of evolution by natural selection explain the difference?
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Biology
- When doing the virtual DNA microarray analysis, which color (red, green or yellow) would the spot be if that gene was inappropriately inactivated in the cancer cell? When doing the virtual DNA microarray analysis, which color (red, green or yellow) indicated that the cancer cell had an activated a gene that is not normally as active in the non-cancerous version of the cell?arrow_forwardYou are looking at the results of a western blot from the lysates of cells harvested from a suspected breast cancer tumor and you see that there is an increased expression of INK4-p16, you suspect that this will______________? Group of answer choices Increase S to G2 phase transition Initiate a cell cycle arrest in G1 Block M to G1 phase transition Promote tumorigenesisarrow_forwardOne of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?arrow_forward
- How does one performs a Southern blot and how one performs a western blot? Then, consider what a Southern blot can detect, and what a western blot can detect. Finally, connect a specific biological mechanism for how viruses can cause cancer to each of the two pieces of data that you have.arrow_forwardA graduate student wants to isolate cells from a patient and grow them perpetually in culture to study a non-cancer related pathology. Which two of the following genes could you introduce into these cells under control of a constitutive promoter to propogate these cells continuously in culture (select two)? A. Telomerase B. Retinoblastoma C. MDM2 D. p21 CIP E. SV40 Large T Antigenarrow_forwardAn experiment was performed in mice. Wild-type bone marrow is used to reconstitute lethally irradiated Cr2-/- mice (wt®Cr2-/-), or vice versa (Cr2-/-®wt). As controls, Cr2-/- bone marrow is used to reconstitute Cr2-/- recipients (Cr2-/-®Cr2-/-), and wild-type bone marrow used to reconstitute wild-type recipients (wt®wt). These mice are then inoculated with the HSV-rd virus at 106 PFU, once at day 0 and then a second time at day 28, and the anti-HSV IgG responses are measured every 7 days, as shown in figure below. a) From the data shown above, on which cell type is the expression of the complement receptor most important for humoral immunity? b) For each of the cell types expressing the complement receptor encoded by Cr2, what is the explanation for their importance in humoral immunity to HSV inoculation?arrow_forward
- Gene therapy can be used in treating cancers”- Briefly explain this statement ?arrow_forwardwhat are the rolls that the p53 gene and RAS protein take on when trying to stop a cancer cell from further replicating. Also, what would happen if a mutation were to occur in both genes?arrow_forwardIs there a possibility that by manipulating the microenvironment, we could disrupt the signals controlling the phenotype of cancer (stem?) cells.arrow_forward
- A graduate student who has not taken BIOL 519 thinks they have discovered a new oncogene that could cause breast cancer. The student transfects cells with this oncogene and finds that the cells proliferate uncontrollably. The student next designs a PCR assay that will detect the presence of the oncogene in cancerous breast tissue. The student sets up the assay and analyzes the presence of the oncogene in normal and tumor issue samples (See data below). The student is disappointed to see that the potential oncogene is present at similar levels in both the normal and tumor tissue. Therefore, the student concludes that this gene is not an oncogene. Do you agree with this conclusion? Justify your answer (5-6 senetences max).arrow_forwardWe transformed E coli cells with a plasmid modified to contain a ‘virulence factor’ which would allow growth on media containing the antibiotic kanamycin (Kan). The plasmid confers constitutive resistance to ampicillin (Amp). The bacterial experiment is about understanding whether such a ‘virulence factor’ confers physiological adaptation to Kan or whether the development of resistance can be explained by random mutations. For each independent transformation we re-suspended the cells from three colonies in Luria broth. For each suspension of cells we plated 100 microliters on a Kan plate. To estimate the number of cells seeded on each Kan plate we made four serial dilutions that were plated on Amp plates (1 – 4) and we counted the number of cells growing on them. From this we extrapolated how many cells had been seeded on the Kan plate. Then we normalised the Kan results for all the plates, assuming that every plate had been seeded with 10[5] cells. Consider two Kan plates, each with…arrow_forwardThe search for the BRCA1 breast cancer gene discussed in this chapter was widely publicized in the media (for example, Newsweek, December 6, 1993). Describe the steps taken by Mary-Claire King and her colleagues to clone this gene. How long did this process take?arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning