Chapter 18, Problem 18.62P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A reaction roadmap have to be made for the reactions in the study Guide section of problems 15.19, 16.72 and 17.45.

Concept Introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Addition of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones: Aldehyde reacts with alcohol to form Hemiacetals or acetals.

Example: the reaction of methanol with ethanol to form hemiacetals or acetals.

Unsaturated compound: The nucleophile reacts with $\alpha ,\beta$- unsaturated aldehyde or ketones forming either direct addition product or conjugate addition product. When the nucleophile is a weak base conjugate addition product predominates.

The alkylation at the β carbon of ketone or aldehyde is done by the following mechanism;

(1) Alkylating the β carbon via enamine intermediate.

(2) Alkylating the β carbon via a Michael reaction.

Acetals: Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Acetals are less stable compound.

A hemiacetal or a hemiketal: addition of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone which produce hemi acetal.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia $\left(N{H}_3\right)$ with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.