Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1AQ

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

Design an experiment to measure the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. How to detect, if only certain sulfur oxidizing species present were metabolically active. How to prove the activity measurement was because of biological activity.

Introduction:

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (for example, Thiobacillus, Thermothrix,Sulfolobus, and Thiothrix) can convert hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) into sulfate (SO₄²) or other forms of sulfur. They can grow in various environments, for example, soil and water. MAR-FISH is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with microautoradiography (MAR). MAR-FISH can simultaneously identify microorganisms and their metabolic property.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

An experiment to measure sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soil:

Isolate Thiobacillus species (gram-negative bacteria) from sulfide rich soil (for example, paddy field) followed by serial dilution in water.
Add 5 ml water containing sample (bacteria) to 50 ml thiosulfate mineral salts medium (thiosulfate MSM).
Incubate the medium at 30°C for 7 days. The formation of turbidity and reduced pH of the thiosulfate MSM medium indicates the bacterial growth.
Further streak plate method (onto the solid medium of thiosulfate MSM) can be used to isolate the pure culture of Thiobacilli.
Incubate the petri plate at 30°C for 7 days.
Screen the purified culture of Thiobacilli in the MSM consisting of Na2S but not of Na₂S₂O₃.
The sulfide medium used for the growth of bacteria is the sole source of energy.
Further, Thiobacillus can be confirmed by gram-staining.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus species can be used to study.

To measure the activity of sulfur oxidizing bacteria in the soil, the radioisotope H₂³⁵S should be used. The soil should be incubated with radioisotope (H₂³⁵S) to know whether the sulfide oxidation occurred or not. After incubation, the presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- should be analyzed to prove the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the soil. The presence of ³⁵SO₄^2- proves that the sulfide oxidation has occurred in the test. To prove that the oxidation occurred due to biological activity, sterile the soil (medium) before the addition of labeled H₂S. This is used as a control in this experiment. If the oxidation activity observed in the experiment is biological, it should be absent in the control. The MAR-FISH can be used to identify the presence of metabolically active bacteria in the soil.

MAR-FISH (microautoradiography- fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is used to evaluate the microbial identification (phylogeny) with measurement of metabolic activities. MAR-FISH is used to assess the metabolism of a specific radiolabeled substance by microorganisms in the natural sample and also help to identify those particular microorganisms. Therefore, MAR-FISH can be used to identify the metabolism of radioisotope H₂³⁵S by microorganisms in this experiment.

Answer 13

Ch. 19.1 - Describe the enrichment strategy behind...Ch. 19.1 - Why is sulfate (So42) added to a Winogradsky...Ch. 19.1 - What is enrichment bias? How does dilution reduce...Ch. 19.1 - Why do the results of a direct enrichment of an...Ch. 19.2 - What is a pure culture and why is obtaining one...Ch. 19.2 - How does the agar dilution method differ from...Ch. 19.2 - What criteria serve to demonstrate that a culture...Ch. 19.3 - How might you isolate a morphologically unique...Ch. 19.3 - What is meant by high-throughput in culturing...Ch. 19.3 - What feature of high-throughput culturing relieves...

Design an experiment for measuring the activity of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in soil. If only certain species of the sulfur oxidizers present were metabolically active, how could you tell this? How would you prove that your activity measurement was due to biological activity?

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