The system described in Fig. 19.7a undergoes four different
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- Consider cyclic processes completely characterized by each of the following net energy inputs and outputs. In each case, the energy transfers listed are the only ones occurring. Classify each process as (a) possible, (b) impossible according to the first law of thermodynamics, (c) impossible according to the second law of thermodynamics, or (d) impossible according to both the first and second laws. (i) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 4 J of work. (ii) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (iii) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by electrical transmission, and output is 6 J of work. (iv) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (v) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of work. (vi) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 3 J of work plus 2 J of energy transferred by heat.arrow_forwardOf the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely to do work, (b) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs, (c) When a system undergoes a change in state, the change in the internal energy of the system is the sum of the energy transferred to the system by heat and the work done on the system, (d) The entropy of the Universe increases in all natural processes, (e) Energy will not spontaneously transfer by heat from a cold object to a hot object.arrow_forwardDuring the power stroke in a four-stroke automobile engine, the piston is forced down as the mixture of combustion products and air undergoes an adiabatic expansion. Assume (1) the engine is running at 2 500 cycles/min; (2) the gauge pressure immediately before the expansion is 20.0 atm; (3) the volumes of the mixture immediately before and after the expansion are 50.0 cm3 and 400 cm3, respectively (Fig. P21.31); (4) the time interval for the expansion is one-fourth that of the total cycle; and (5) the mixture behaves like an ideal gas with specific heat ratio 1.40. Find the average power generated during the power stroke.arrow_forward
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- In Batman, The Dark Knight Rises, Batman is working on an ideal heat engine for the bat mobile that operates between a high temperature at 832.0°C and a low temperature reservoir at 55.00°C, if the engine does 12550J of work per cycle how much heat energy would this engine dump into the low temperature reservoir per cycle? b) If he instead wanted to take 12550J of energy out of a refrigerator that has a COP of 7.300, how much work would be needed?arrow_forwardAccording to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true about the change in internal energy of a gas in any process? a. It is equal to the input heat minus the work done by the gas. b. It is equal to the input heat minus the work done on the gas. c. It is equal to the work done on the gas minus the input heat. d. It is equal to the change in temperature plus the waste heat.arrow_forwardA monatomic ideal gas initially fills a V0 = 0.45 m3 container at P0 = 85 kPa. The gas undergoes an isobaric expansion to V1 = 1.4 m3. Next it undergoes an isovolumetric cooling to its initial temperature T0. Finally it undergoes an isothermal compression to its initial pressure and volume. 1) Calculate the change in internal energy by the gas, ΔU2, in kilojoules, during the isovolumetric cooling (second process). 2) Calculate the work done by the gas, W3, in kilojoules, during the isothermal compression (third process). 3) Calculate the change in internal energy, ΔU3, in kilojoules, during the isothermal compression (third process). 4) Calculate the heat absorbed Q3, in kilojoules, during the isothermal compressions (third process).arrow_forward
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