Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781133103721
Author: Stephen T. Thornton, Andrew Rex
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 2, Problem 2Q
If you wanted to set out today to find the effects of the ether, what experimental apparatus would you want to use? Would a laser he included? Why?
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Derive the Lorentz transformation connecting a frame S (the lab frame) to a frame S′ that moves with respect to S with a velocity in the xy plane. This velocity makes an angle ϕ with the x axis of SS and has speed v.
In order to solve this, take the route of two successive Lorentz transformations, one along the x axis followed by one along the y axis.
Suppose two angry rhinoceros charge each other. According to a few observers on the ground, the rhinoceros on the left moved to the right at a speed of (1 - ϵ)c while the rhinoceros on the right moved to the left at a speed of (1 - ϵ)c. ϵ is in the range of 0 < ϵ < 1.
How fast is the rhinoceros on the right moving in the frame of the rhinoceros on the left? (Show that this speed is less than c, no matter how small ϵ is)
Suppose a spacecraft of mass 17000 kg is accelerated to 0.200 c. How much kinetic energy would it have? If you used the classical formula for kinetic energy, by what percentage would you be in error?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Ch. 2 - Michelson used the motion of the Earth around the...Ch. 2 - If you wanted to set out today to find the effects...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3QCh. 2 - Prob. 4QCh. 2 - Prob. 5QCh. 2 - Prob. 6QCh. 2 - Prob. 7QCh. 2 - Prob. 8QCh. 2 - Devise a system for you and three colleagues, at...Ch. 2 - In the experiment to verify time dilation by...
Ch. 2 - Can you think of an experiment to verify length...Ch. 2 - Would it be easier to perform the muon decay...Ch. 2 - On a spacetime diagram, can events above t = 0 but...Ch. 2 - Prob. 14QCh. 2 - What would be a suitable name for events connected...Ch. 2 - Prob. 16QCh. 2 - Prob. 17QCh. 2 - Explain how in the twin paradox, we might arrange...Ch. 2 - In each of the following pairs, which is the more...Ch. 2 - Prob. 20QCh. 2 - Prob. 21QCh. 2 - A salesman driving a very fast car was arrested...Ch. 2 - A salesman driving a very fast car was arrested...Ch. 2 - Show that the form of Newtons second law is...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2PCh. 2 - Prob. 3PCh. 2 - A swimmer wants to swim straight across a river...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5PCh. 2 - Prob. 6PCh. 2 - Prob. 7PCh. 2 - Prob. 8PCh. 2 - Prove that the constancy of the speed of light...Ch. 2 - Prob. 10PCh. 2 - Prob. 11PCh. 2 - Prob. 12PCh. 2 - Two events occur in an inertial system K as...Ch. 2 - Is there a frame K in which the two events...Ch. 2 - Prob. 15PCh. 2 - An event occurs in system K at x = 2 m, y = 3.5 m,...Ch. 2 - Prob. 17PCh. 2 - Prob. 18PCh. 2 - A rocket ship carrying passengers blasts off to go...Ch. 2 - Prob. 20PCh. 2 - Particle physicists use particle track detectors...Ch. 2 - The Apollo astronauts returned from the moon under...Ch. 2 - A clock in a spaceship is observed to run at a...Ch. 2 - A spaceship of length 40 m at rest is observed to...Ch. 2 - Prob. 25PCh. 2 - A mechanism on Earth used to shoot down...Ch. 2 - Prob. 27PCh. 2 - Imagine that in another universe the speed of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 29PCh. 2 - Prob. 30PCh. 2 - Prob. 31PCh. 2 - A proton and an antiproton are moving toward each...Ch. 2 - Imagine the speed of light in another universe to...Ch. 2 - Prob. 34PCh. 2 - Three galaxies are aligned along an axis in the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 36PCh. 2 - Prob. 37PCh. 2 - Consider a reference system placed at the U.S....Ch. 2 - Prob. 39PCh. 2 - Prob. 40PCh. 2 - Use the Lorentz transformation to prove that s2 =...Ch. 2 - Prob. 42PCh. 2 - Prove that for a spacelike interval, two events...Ch. 2 - Given two events, (x1, t1) and (x2, t2), use a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 45PCh. 2 - Consider a fixed and a moving system with their...Ch. 2 - Prob. 47PCh. 2 - An astronaut is said to have tried to get out of a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 49PCh. 2 - Do the complete derivation for Equation (2.33)...Ch. 2 - A spacecraft traveling out of the solar system at...Ch. 2 - Prob. 52PCh. 2 - Prob. 53PCh. 2 - Prob. 54PCh. 2 - Newtons second law is given by F=dp/dt. If the...Ch. 2 - Use the result of the previous problem to show...Ch. 2 - Prob. 57PCh. 2 - Prob. 58PCh. 2 - A particle having a speed of 0.92c has a momentum...Ch. 2 - A particle initially has a speed of 0.5c. At what...Ch. 2 - Prob. 61PCh. 2 - Prob. 62PCh. 2 - Prob. 63PCh. 2 - Prob. 64PCh. 2 - Prob. 65PCh. 2 - Prob. 66PCh. 2 - Prob. 67PCh. 2 - Prob. 68PCh. 2 - Prob. 69PCh. 2 - Prob. 70PCh. 2 - What is the speed of an electron when its kinetic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 72PCh. 2 - Prob. 73PCh. 2 - Prob. 74PCh. 2 - Prob. 75PCh. 2 - Calculate the energy needed to accelerate a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 77PCh. 2 - Prob. 78PCh. 2 - Prob. 79PCh. 2 - Prob. 80PCh. 2 - The Large Hadron Collider at Europes CERN facility...Ch. 2 - What is the kinetic energy of (a) an electron...Ch. 2 - A muon has a mass of 106 MeV/c2. Calculate the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 84PCh. 2 - The reaction 2H + 3H → n + 4He is one of the...Ch. 2 - Instead of one positive charge outside a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 87PCh. 2 - Show that the following form of Newton’s second...Ch. 2 - Prob. 89PCh. 2 - For the twins Frank and Mary described in Section...Ch. 2 - Frank and Mary are twins. Mary jumps on a...Ch. 2 - A police radar gun operates at a frequency of 10.5...Ch. 2 - Prob. 93PCh. 2 - Prob. 94PCh. 2 - A proton moves with a speed of 0.90c. Find the...Ch. 2 - A high-speed K0 meson is traveling at a speed of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 97PCh. 2 - The International Space Federation constructs a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 99PCh. 2 - Prob. 100PCh. 2 - A spaceship is coming directly toward you while...Ch. 2 - Quasars are among the most distant objects in the...Ch. 2 - One possible decay mode of the neutral kaon is K0...Ch. 2 - Prob. 104PCh. 2 - Prob. 105PCh. 2 - Small differences in the wavelengths in the sun’s...
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- Suppose our Sun is about to explode. In an effort to escape, we depart in a spaceship at v = 0.80c and head toward the star Tau Ceti, 12 lightyears away. When we reach the midpoint of our journey from the Earth, we see our Sun explode and, unfortunately, at the same instant we see Tau Ceti explode as well. (a) In the spaceship’s frame of reference, should we conclude that the two explosions occurred simultaneously? If not, which occurred first? (b) In a frame of reference in which the Sun and Tau Ceti are at rest, did they explode simultaneously? If not, which exploded first?arrow_forwardSame two observers as in the preceding exercises. A rod of length 1 m is laid out on the x-axis in the frame of B from origin to What is the length of the rod observed by an observer in the frame of spaceship A?arrow_forwardAn observer standing by the railroad tracks sees two bolts of lightning strike the ends of a 500-m-long train simultaneously at the instant the middle of the train passes him at 50 m/s. Use the Lorentz transformation to find the time between the lightning strikes as measured by a passenger seated in the middle of the train.arrow_forward
- If two spaceships are heading directly toward each other at 0.800c, at what speed must a canister be shot from the first ship to approach the other at 0.999c as seen by the second ship?arrow_forwardSuppose there are two rhinoceros who charge each other. According to a few observers on the ground, the rhinoceros on the left moved to the right at a speed of (1 - ϵ)c while the rhinoceros on the right moved to the left at a speed of (1 - ϵ)c. ϵ is in the range of 0 < ϵ < 1. How fast is the rhinoceros on the right moving in the frame of the rhinoceros on the left? (Show that this speed is less than c, no matter how small ϵ is)arrow_forwardIs the C.M. frame an inertial frame?arrow_forward
- The positive muon (?+), an unstable particle, lives on average 2.20?10−16 ? (measured in its own frame of reference) before decaying. (a) If such as particle is moving, with respect to the laboratory, with a speed of 0.900?, what average lifetime is measured in the laboratory? (b) What average distance, measured in the laboratory, does the particle move before decaying?arrow_forwardSuppose a spacecraft of mass 17,000 kg is acceleratedto 0.15c. (a) How much kinetic energy would it have?(b) If you used the classical formula for kinetic energy, bywhat percentage would you be in error?arrow_forwardCalculate the interval Δs2 between two events with coordinates (x1 = 55m, y1 = 0m, z1 = 0m, t1 = 1 μs) and (x2 = 125m, y2 = 0m, z2 = 0m, t2 = 1.6 μs) in an inertial frame S. Now transform the coordinates of the events into the S' frame which is travelling at 0.75c along the positive x-axis with respect to frame S, thereby verifying that spacetime interval is invariant.arrow_forward
- As an example, consider a spaceship moving away from you at a velocity of 0.5c. Suppose that the spaceship fires a pulse of laser light in its direction of travel. How fast does the pulse move in your frame of reference?arrow_forwardA light bulb at point x in the frame of reference of Oblinks on and off at intervals Δt = t2 − t1. Observer O′,moving relative to O at speed u, measures the interval tobe Δt′ = t′2 − t′1. Use the Lorentz transformation expressionsto derive the time dilation expression relating Δtand Δt′.arrow_forwardSee the provided image of the Michelson-Morley experiment and the following calculations for tA→C→A and tA→B→A. What would v/c have to be to make tA→C→A 1 percent larger than tA→B→A?arrow_forward
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Length contraction: the real explanation; Author: Fermilab;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Poz_95_0RA;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY