Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The smaller parts to which atoms can be broken need to be determined.
Concept Introduction: The atomic model defines atom as a smallest part but according to the modern atomic theory, atoms can be divided. The subatomic particles are protons, electrons and neutrons.
(b)
Interpretation: The difference and similarity between the atoms of hydrogen element needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction: According to atomic theory, atoms of same elements have similar properties. The modern atomic theory, introduced the concept of isotopes. The isotope is defined as atoms of same element with different number of neutrons. For them,
(c)
Interpretation: The difference and similarity between the atom of hydrogen and helium needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction: According to atomic theory, two atoms of different elements have different properties.
(d)
Interpretation: The difference between hydrogen peroxide and water needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction: According to law of multiple proportions, two elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
(e)
Interpretation: The reason for mass to be conserved in a
Concept Introduction: According to law of conservation of mass, it can neither be created nor destroyed in any chemical reaction.
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Chemical Principles
- Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made numerous contributions to our understanding of the atom’s structure. Which subatomic particle did J. J. Thomson discover, and what did this lead him to postulate about the nature of the atom? William Thomson postulated what became known as the “plum pudding” model of the atom’s structure. What did this model suggest?arrow_forwardWithout consulting your textbook or notes, state as many points as you can of Dalton’s atomic theory. Explain in your own words each point of the theory.arrow_forwardOne of the best indications of a useful theory is that it raises more questions for further experimentation than it originally answered. How does this apply to Dalton’s atomic theory? Give examples.arrow_forward
- Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and the neutron compare to the mass of the electron? Which particles make the greatest contribution W the mass of an atom? Which particles make the greatest contribution to the chemical properties of an atom?arrow_forwardConsider Ernest Rutherfords -particle bombardment experiment illustrated in Fig. 2.12. How did the results of this experiment lead Rutherford away from the plum pudding model of the atom to propose the nuclear model of the atom?arrow_forwardWhat defines an element? How many naturally occurring elements exist?arrow_forward
- Section 1-5 describes the postulates of Daltons atomic theory. With some modifications, these postulates hold up very well regarding how we view elements, compounds, and chemical reactions today. Answer the following questions concerning Dalton's atomic theory and the modifications made today. a. The atom can be broken down into smaller parts. What are the smaller parts? b. How are atoms of hydrogen identical to each other and how can they be different from each other? c. How are atoms of hydrogen different from atoms of helium? How can H atoms be similar to He atoms? d. How is water different from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) even though both compounds are composed of only hydrogen and oxygen? e. What happens in a chemical reaction and why is mass conserved in a chemical reaction?arrow_forwardThese questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson. a. From Thomsons work, which particles do you think he would feel are most important for the formation of compounds (chemical changes) and why? b. Of the remaining two subatomic particles, which do you place second in importance for forming compounds and why? c. Propose three models that explain Thomsons findings and evaluate them. To be complete you should include Thomsons findings.arrow_forward2.40 What distinguished the work of Mendeleev that caused scientists to accept his concept of the periodic table when others before him were not believed?arrow_forward
- How would you expect the chemical properties of isotopes of the same element to compare to each other? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardThere are 2.619 1022 atoms in 1.000 g of sodium. Assume that sodium atoms are spheres of radius 1.86 and that they are lined up side by side. How many miles in length is the line of sodium atoms?arrow_forwardGiven that the periodic table is an organizational scheme for the elements, what might be some other logical ways in which to group the elements that would provide meaningful chemical information in a periodic table of your own devising?arrow_forward
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