Chapter 21, Problem 21.122QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bonding of group 4A atoms in the given compound should be described.

Concept introduction:

Valence bond theory:

The valence bond theory was proposed by Linus Pauling and it deals with bonding of atomic hybrid orbitals in the molecules.

Postulates of valence bond theory:

• The central metal makes a vacant orbitals by losing of electrons from it, which is equal to the coordination number.
• The ligands are make a covalent bond with central metal atom it is equal to the vacant orbital of central metal atom
• The filled orbital of ligand and vacant orbital of central metal atom are overlap to make a $\text{σ}$ bond.
• The formation of $\text{σ}$ bond by overlapping of orbitals is called hybridisation.
• The hybridised orbital are have a directional characteristics but it is not in un hybridised orbitals.
• Based on the direction of the hybridised orbitals, the shape of the molecule and bonding was explained.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bonding of group 4A atoms in the given compound should be described.

Concept introduction:

Valence bond theory:

The valence bond theory was proposed by Linus Pauling and it deals with bonding of atomic hybrid orbitals in the molecules.

Postulates of valence bond theory:

• The central metal makes a vacant orbitals by losing of electrons from it, which is equal to the coordination number.
• The ligands are make a covalent bond with central metal atom it is equal to the vacant orbital of central metal atom
• The filled orbital of ligand and vacant orbital of central metal atom are overlap to make a $\text{σ}$ bond.
• The formation of $\text{σ}$ bond by overlapping of orbitals is called hybridisation.
• The hybridised orbital are have a directional characteristics but it is not in un hybridised orbitals.
• Based on the direction of the hybridised orbitals, the shape of the molecule and bonding was explained.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bonding of group 4A atoms in the given compound should be described.

Concept introduction:

Valence bond theory:

The valence bond theory was proposed by Linus Pauling and it deals with bonding of atomic hybrid orbitals in the molecules.

Postulates of valence bond theory:

• The central metal makes a vacant orbitals by losing of electrons from it, which is equal to the coordination number.
• The ligands are make a covalent bond with central metal atom it is equal to the vacant orbital of central metal atom
• The filled orbital of ligand and vacant orbital of central metal atom are overlap to make a $\text{σ}$ bond.
• The formation of $\text{σ}$ bond by overlapping of orbitals is called hybridisation.
• The hybridised orbital are have a directional characteristics but it is not in un hybridised orbitals.
• Based on the direction of the hybridised orbitals, the shape of the molecule and bonding was explained.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bonding of group 4A atoms in the given compound should be described.

Concept introduction:

Valence bond theory:

The valence bond theory was proposed by Linus Pauling and it deals with bonding of atomic hybrid orbitals in the molecules.

Postulates of valence bond theory:

• The central metal makes a vacant orbitals by losing of electrons from it, which is equal to the coordination number.
• The ligands are make a covalent bond with central metal atom it is equal to the vacant orbital of central metal atom
• The filled orbital of ligand and vacant orbital of central metal atom are overlap to make a $\text{σ}$ bond.
• The formation of $\text{σ}$ bond by overlapping of orbitals is called hybridisation.
• The hybridised orbital are have a directional characteristics but it is not in unhybridised orbitals.
• Based on the direction of the hybridised orbitals, the shape of the molecule and bonding was explained.