Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration. Introduction: Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

Whether age is a normal development or it is just a random degeneration.

Introduction:

Ageing is a process of different changes in organism showing physical, psychological, and social changes. In biology, aging is the declining ability of stem cells and progenitor cells to restore damaged or nonfunctioning tissues.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Aging is a time-related degeneration of the physiological functions of the body necessary for the survival and fertility. Generally, body metabolism involves interactions between reactive chemical species, which lead to production of damaging toxins such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). When a person get aged, body is unable to protect itself from these damaging agents, and with the passage of time, accumulation of the toxin-induced damage leads to age-related pathology or diseases. Other age-related symptoms are accumulation of extracellular debris, tissue stiffening, accumulation of intracellular debris, cell death resistance (loss of homeostatic balance of cell populations, a key finding in T lymphocyte populations observed in age-related immunosenescence), mitochondrial defects, uncontrolled cell proliferation in case of cancer, and loss of active metabolic cells (mediated by apoptosis, autophagy, or necrosis).

During aging, muscle progenitor (satellite) cell activity decreases due to loss of Notch signaling, resulting in a significant decrease of muscle activity. An age-dependent decline in liver progenitor cell division impairs liver regeneration due to decline in transcription factor cEPBα. Another biological symptom appears graying of mammalian hair due to apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge niche.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Although, aging is a part of normal development process occurs in every organism but eventually it is a degeneration of normal physiological functions of the body showing age-related symptoms.

Answer 12

Ch. 23 - Prob. 1DQ Ch. 23 - Prob. 2DQ

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