Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337793612
Author: PECK, Roxy.
Publisher: Cengage Learning,
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Chapter 2.3, Problem 42E
In many digital environments, users are allowed to choose how they are represented visually online. Does how people are represented online affect online behavior? This question was examined by the authors of the paper “The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior” (Human Communication Research [2007]: 271-290). Participants were randomly assigned either an attractive avatar (a graphical image that represents a person) to represent them or an unattractive avatar.
- a. The researchers concluded that when interacting with a person of the opposite gender in an online virtual environment, those assigned an attractive avatar moved significantly closer to the other person than those who had been assigned an unattractive avatar. This difference was attributed to the attractiveness of the avatar. Explain why the researchers would not have been able to reach this conclusion if participants had been allowed to choose one of the two avatars (attractive, unattractive) to represent them online.
- b. Construct a diagram to represent the underlying structure of this experiment.
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A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately
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mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers.
MaleDriver
FemaleDriver
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1.3
0.6
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1.1
2.1
0.7
0.7
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(a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use ?males − ?females. Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to three decimal places.)
t
=
df
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A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately
1
2
mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers.
MaleDriver
FemaleDriver
1.4
-0.2
1.2
0.5
0.9
1.1
2.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.2
3
0.1
1.3
0.9
0.6
0.5
2.1
0.5
(a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use ?males − ?females. Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to three decimal places.)
t
=
df
=…
In the book Business Research Methods (5th ed.), Donald R. Cooper and C. William Emory discuss studying the relationship between on-the-job accidents and smoking. Cooper and Emory describe the study as follows:
Suppose a manager implementing a smoke-free workplace policy is interested in whether smoking affects worker accidents. Since the company has complete reports of on-the-job accidents, she draws a sample of names of workers who were involved in accidents during the last year. A similar sample from among workers who had no reported accidents in the last year is drawn. She interviews members of both groups to determine if they are smokers or not.
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On-the-Job Accident
Smoker
Yes
No
Row Total
Heavy
12
5
17
Moderate
9
10
19
Nonsmoker
13
17
30
Column total
34
32
66
Expected counts are below observed counts
Accident
No Accident
Total
Heavy
12
5
17
8.76
8.24…
Chapter 2 Solutions
Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis
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