Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 24, Problem 10TYK
To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the principles of parsimony to molecular sequence data, one would:
a. start by making assumptions about variations in the rates atwhich different DNA segments evolve.
b. group together organisms that share the largest number ofancestral sequences.
c. group together organisms that share derived sequences, matching the groups to those defined by morphologicalcharacters.
d. group together organisms that share derived sequences, minimizing the number of hypothesized evolutionarychanges.
e. identify derived sequences by studying the embryology of theorganisms.
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a) What is a phylogenetic tree?
b) What is a branch point?
c) What are sister taxa?
d) What is a ‘rooted’ phylogenetic tree?
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, (A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. (B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. (C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes,in either DNA sequences or morphology. (D) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.
A phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that
...
Group of answer choices
A: it shows that all species are not related to a common ancestor, but each has a distinct archetype.
B: it represents the time scale of evolution, including where extinct species fit in.
C: it uses an outgroup to compare a small group of species that exhibit similar traits
D: it is not based on genetic or morphological evidence.
Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of molecular evolution?
A) This is true of morphological data, not molecular data, it is impossible to model changes in molecular sequence data because it is constantly evolving.
B) Because molecular data is known to only experience random changes and is constantly evolving, a chaotic model of evolution can universally be applied to molecular sequence data for phylogenetic analysis.
C) Because molecular data is known to experience non-random changes in terms of the likelihood of different types of mutations -- transitions vs. transversions, at different codon positions, which can be used to infer sequence evolution and relationship.
D) None of the above.
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Why is it important for scientists to distinguish between homologous and analogous characteristics before building a Phylogenetic tree?
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Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on
Group of answer choices
a. shared ancestral characters
b. vestigial characters
c. homoplastic characters
d. cartoon characters
e. shared derived characters
f. shady characters
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The phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes.
A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits.
B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)?
C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?
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Why is it so important for scientists to distinguish between homologous and analogous characteristics before building phylogenetic trees?
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Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree?
It provides a drawing the reflects the proven relationships between living and extinct species.
b
It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between extinct species.
c
It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between living and extinct species.
d
It a diagram used by scientists that provides a model of evolutionary relationships without the need for scientific data.
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If two otherwise dissimilar organisms share similar genomic DNA, to what would you attribute the genomic similarity?
A)DNA is not a reliable basis for phylogenetic decisions.
B)The shared genes have evolved a number of times and have no phylogenetic significance.
C)The shared genes are ancient and probably no longer function within the altered physiological states of modern organisms.
D)The shared genes developed early in evolution and are likely to be applicable to a wide diversity of organisms.
E)The two taxa are more closely related than formerly believed because they may share a common ancestor
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Which statement is usually true about phylogenetic trees?
a) nodes represent points when traits have evolved
b) branch tips that are next to each other are more closely related
c) the branching pattern describes the hypothesized evolutionary relationships between the taxa
d) the order of the branch tips (left to right) indicates which taxa are more advanced evolutionarily
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Which method of building phylogenetic trees relies on both the number of evolutionary transitions on the phylogenetic tree and the likelihood of the evolutionary transitions?
a.
Maximum Credibility
b.
Maximum Likelihood
c.
Parsimony
d.
Bootstrapping
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What is a Homology?
A) When an anatomic feature is shared among organisms and their descendants
B) When two organisms appear the same
C) When convergent evolution produces similar phenotypes
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What does the trunk of the classic phylogenetic tree represent? a. single common ancestor b. pool of ancestral organisms c. new species d. old species
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People studying fossils have to employ which of the following species concepts?
a.
The Morphospecies Concept
b.
The Biological Species Concept
c.
The Phylogenetic Species Concept
d.
The Physical Species Concept
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