Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 11TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason behind the fact that the phylogenetic hypotheses based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) will be more precise/accurate than those based on amino acid sequences.
Introduction:
The phylogenetic trees are constructed to depict the inter-evolutionary relationships among different species. They are formal hypothesis used to describe the relationship between species, organisms, and their taxonomic groups.
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The table below shows short DNA sequences from a gene in a closely related group of dragons, as well as their close relative, the Winged Ground Lizard. Assume each change in the DNA sequence evolved only once. Draw a phylogenetic tree that represents the relationship among the dragon species, as well as the Winged Ground Lizard. Indicate the locations on the tree where there is a change in the DNA sequence and indicate the site position and what the change is
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- Topic: Role of Molecular Biology in Evolutionary Classification How does the recently developed DNA technology help scientists establish a more accurate classification scheme?arrow_forwardList three reasons why rRNA genes are suitable for phylogeneticanalyses.arrow_forwardWithin the field of phylogenetics, what does a “bootstrap value” represent? (write/make 3 points for this question)arrow_forward
- The challenge in using sequence data to estimate the evolutionary tree for all living things is to find a gene that shows recognizable sequence similarities even between highly distantly related species . Which of the following should NOT be among the features of this gene? A. The gene subject to strong diversifying selection. B. It is present in all organisms. C. It encodes a product whose function is essential. D. The function of the gene must have remained the same in all organisms.arrow_forwardCount the instances where there is any difference in the amino acid in the alignment of the six sequences and write that number below. Did you find any clades in this alignment? Describe your results. You must describe in detail the relationships between the sequences in this tree. Describe in detail how this combined tree changed the relationships between the sequences in comparison to the two separate trees that you created in the previous section abovearrow_forwardWhich would you expect to exhibit a faster rate of evolutionary change, the nucleotide sequence of a gene or the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide of the same gene? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of molecular evolution? A) This is true of morphological data, not molecular data, it is impossible to model changes in molecular sequence data because it is constantly evolving. B) Because molecular data is known to only experience random changes and is constantly evolving, a chaotic model of evolution can universally be applied to molecular sequence data for phylogenetic analysis. C) Because molecular data is known to experience non-random changes in terms of the likelihood of different types of mutations -- transitions vs. transversions, at different codon positions, which can be used to infer sequence evolution and relationship. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardWhich molecular systems can be/have been engineered by molecular programming? Write the logic behind what the molecular programming aims to doarrow_forwardFor the E.coli. bacteria (prokaryotic species) and humans (eukaryotic species), show photos of their location in the phylogenetic tree, and their clade.arrow_forward
- The first whole-life phylogenies based on sequence data were estimated on the basis of small _______-based genes; and these phylogenies revealed that the traditional five-kingdom system of classification offers a misleading view of evolutionary relationships. A. rRNA B. miRNA C. mRNA D. tRNAarrow_forwardThere are 27 sequences from 27 individuals belonging to an unidentified group of organisms. Eleven (11) sequences were mined from NCBI while the rest are unpublished sequences from Mindanao. Sequences labeled with "SSL" are from Agusan Marsh while sequences labeled with "CKL/CITLR" and "CWL" are from Camiguin Island and Dinagat Islands respectively. Finally, sequences labeled with "MSLA" are from Mt. Magdiwata. From the nucleotide results and generated phylogenetic tree below: a) What group of organisms is represented by the phylogenetic tree? b) Identify the source (species) of each sequence. c) How many species are present in the generated tree? d) What species is considered as the outgroup? e) What genetic marker is utilized to generate the sequences? f) Which specimen group is more closely related to "SSL"? CKL or MSLA? Justify your answer h) Based on the results, what possible species name can be assigned to the MSLA group?arrow_forwardScientists conducted research to examine the evolutionary relationship between 10 bird species and an alligator species. They isolated the amounts of the dinucleotides cytosine and guanine found in the genomic DNA of each species. The graph shows the traditional taxonomic groups of the bird species used and the average percentage of dinucleotides in their DNA. Which of the following statements is best supported by the DNA evidence? A - Gamebirds likely evolved after non-perching birds. B - A bird’s ability to fly may be linked to its dinucleotide percentage. C - The dinucleotide percentages demonstrate coevolution of all species. D - Non-perching birds are more similar genetically to alligators than flightless birds.arrow_forward
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