Interpretation:
A series of steps or a cycle of reactions that could achieve the enrichment of phosphatidylinositol with 1-stearoyl-2-archidonoyl phosphatidylinositol needs to be proposed.
Concept Introduction:
The phosphatidylinositol cycle involves in cell signaling. Its major purpose is to synthesize phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated forms. The lipid intermediate of PI cycle are highly enriched with 1-stearoyl-2-arachidnoyl molecular species. This enrichment is retained as long as the intermediates are segregated from other lipids. What happens in the enrichment of a particular phospholipid molecule is selective addition of one specific type of alkyl or the acyl chain. There are several enzymes that involve in the conversion of phospholipids to exhibit specific acyl or alkyl chains.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Biochemistry
- Phosphatidylserine (PS) is considered to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in E. coli, yet PS is not found in appreciable amounts among E. coli membrane phospholipids. Because PS must be present in the membrane to serve as an intermediate, how might you explain its failure to accumulate to a significant extent? What kinds of experiments could test your proposed explanation?arrow_forwardAcetylating agents such as acetic anhydride react preferentially with primaryamines, iodoacetate reacts preferentially with sulfhydryl groups (see Tools of Biochemistry 5B), and ATP-dependent kinases preferentially add a phosphoryl group to side-chain hydroxyl or phenolic —OH groups. Which amino acid side chains, or main-chain groups, in a polypeptide are most likely to be modified by treatment with:(a) acetic anhydride(b) iodoacetate(c) a kinase + ATParrow_forwardWhich fatty acid(s) out of the following four: palmitoleate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate, can be a biosynthetic precursor in mammals for the polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:4 all-cis-D5 ,D8 ,D11 ,D14 ? Briefly sketch the steps of the possible synthesis from the chosen precursor using symbols only for the fatty acids. (Hint: mammalian systems contain four terminal desaturases of broad chainlength specificities designated as D9 -, D6 -, D5 -, and D4 -fatty acyl desaturases.) Please give a detailed answer, and explain the process, what is used, and why..arrow_forward
- Hexokinase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of glucose. If theconcentration of hexokinase in our eukaryotic cell is 20 μM, how many glucose molecules are present per hexokinase molecule?arrow_forwardWe have stated that fatty acids cannot yield a net gain in carbohydrates in organisms that lack a glyoxalate pathway. Why can odd-chain fatty acids be thought to break this rule to a small extent?arrow_forwardInsulin possesses two polypeptide chains denoted A and B that are linked by disulfide bonds. Upon denaturation by reduction of the SH groups of insulin, followed by reoxidation, only 7% of the hormone activity is recovered. This is the level of activity expected for random pairing of cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds. How can these data be reconciled with the hypothesis that the amino acid sequence directs protein folding?arrow_forward
- The venom of the Eastern diamondback rattler and the Indian cobra contains phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the C-2 position of glycerophospholipids. The phospholipid breakdownproduct of this reaction is lysolecithin (lecithin is phosphatidylcholine). At high concentrations, this and other lysophospholipids act as detergents, dissolving the membranes of erythrocytes and lysing the cells. Extensive hemolysis may be lifethreatening.(a) All detergents are amphipathic. What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of lysolecithin?(b) The pain and inflammation caused by a snake bite can be treated with certain steroids. What is the basis of this treatment?(c) Though the high levels of phospholipase A2 in venom can be deadly, this enzyme is necessary for a variety of normal metabolic processes. What are these processes?arrow_forwardPLP is a cofactor for a number of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. Give an example of reaction in which PLP participates in cleavage of the a, b, and c bonds of an amino acid, as diagrammed in shown Fig.arrow_forwardConsider the following fatty acid attached below. a) What is the number convention for this fatty acid above, including the location of the double bond from the α carbon end? Remember to use the Δ (delta) in your answer for the double bond location b) What is the ω (omega) numbering of the double bond for the fatty acid above? c) What is the product after two hypothetical additional rounds of synthesis for the fatty acid? Remember that synthesis adds 2 carbons at a time to the carboxylic end.arrow_forward
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver-Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.arrow_forwardSphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver–Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.arrow_forwardA seven-residue peptide was found to have an amino acid composition including glu, val, Lys, met, leu, and trp (there is more than one copy of one amino acid). Several reactions on samples of the peptide resulted in the following: a) Trypsin has no effect on the heptapeptide. b) If one cycle of Edman degradation provides the PTH derivative shown below, what does this tell you about the oligopeptide under investigation? [image] c) Chymotrypsin treatment yields a dipeptide, a tetrapeptide, and a free amino acid. Possibilities? d) The tetrapeptide contains val, lys, and met (only). What information does this give you? e) Cyanogen bromide treatment generates a dipeptide, a tetrapeptide, and free Lys. f)What is the sequence of the peptide?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning