To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor. Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms. Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone. In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6 − phosphate . In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD + . This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation. Niacin ( as NADH, NAD + ) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid ( as CoA ) , biotin, and vitamin B 6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

1.In the mitochondria, enzymes attached to the membrane use the ______________ to produce a ____________ difference and thus an electrical potential. Making the transfer of _______________ possible a. pH, flow of electrons, hydrogens b. pH, electron flow, oxygen c. electron flow, pH, hydrogens d. Electron flow, pH, Oxygen 2.Which of the following sugars can be a substrate for hexokinase? a.glucose b.fructose c.mannose d.all these e.none of those

The answer option for the drop down menu are citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis pathway, and glyoxylate cycle.

ome athletes will consume only protein for several days before a competition, which reduces the amount of glycogen in both the muscle fibers and the liver. What impact would this have on their ability to perform activities that require short, powerful bursts of activity? How would it affect their ability to perform endurance activities

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 6

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 7

Chapter 24, Problem 24.118EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether B vitamin niacin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin biotin is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Niacin (as NADH, NAD+) , thiamin (as TPP), riboflavin (as FAD), pantothenic acid (as CoA), biotin, and vitamin B6 (as PLP) are the different B vitamins involved in the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate B vitamin folate is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate vitamin B12 is involved in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis as a cofactor.

Concept introduction: Vitamins are defined as the micronutrients that are needed in a small amount for the proper functioning of the metabolic activities in the organisms.

Cofactors are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Cofactors cannot perform on their own alone.

In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. In gluconeogenesis process, glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. In this reaction, NADH is oxidized to NAD+. This anaerobic reduction is called lactate fermentation.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 17

Ch. 24.1 - The primary site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What is the first site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What effect does gastric juice in the stomach have...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.1 - Which of the following substances is needed for...Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 5QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains that B vitamin niacin is needed as a cofactor in (1) glycolysis, (2) gluconeogenesis, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) glycogenolysis.

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 24 Solutions