The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

The innate immunity can respond to foreign or non-self cells and do not need any pre-exposure to pathogens. The innate immunity play an important role in the activation of adaptive immunity; hence, they are also called as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

All the pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) in the surface with repeating subunits.
These PAMPs vary in different organisms, for example for all Gram-negative bacteria consists of lipopolysaccharides, bacterial flagellin in some bacteria, for all Gram-positive bacteria consists of lipoteichoic acid, and double stranded RNA for some viruses.
The phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils exhibit the Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).
The phagocytic cells have PRR in their cell surface that can specifically bind with these PAMPs.
When the PRR interacts with PAMPs, the phagocytic cells recognise them as foreign cells and start to phagocyte them.
These innate immunity cells have different PRRs on their cell surface that identifies different PAMPs of the pathogens. The phagocytic cells can recognise all gram-negative lipopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid of the Gram-positive bacteria, some flagellin proteins of certain bacteria, and double stranded RNA of certain viruses.