Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids , proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are characterized by structural components of pathogenic organisms. Generally, they are composed of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. For instance, LPS, a lipopolysaccharide, situated in the gram-negative bacteria cell walls. A set of membrane bound proteins of the host that are soluble and may interact with PAMPs are considered as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR-4 is an important constituent of innate immune mechanism, which act towards LPS of bacteria.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are characterized by a group of soluble and membrane-bound host proteins, which interact with PAMPs.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an example for soluble PRR. Sugar mannose, a repeating subunit present in fungal and bacterial polysaccharides, is the PAMP, which is recognized by MBL. One more example for soluble PRR is C-creative protein. The C-creative protein is an acute phase protein generated by the liver as a result of an inflammation. The C-creative protein interacts with the phosphocholine macromolecules, which is present in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Both C-creative protein and MBL target PAMPs present on the surface of the pathogen and binds to complement proteins. As a result lysis or opsonization of the targeted cell occurs.