Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 26, Problem 2DAA
Data Analysis Activities
Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12).
FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R.
What does this imply about the mutation’s effect on Neanderthal hair color?
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 26 - Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color...Ch. 26 - Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3DAACh. 26 - Prob. 1SQCh. 26 - The closest relatives of bonobos are ________. a....Ch. 26 - Prob. 3SQCh. 26 - Prob. 4SQCh. 26 - The 3.6-million-year-old footprints left by...Ch. 26 - The position where a spinal cord enters the skull...Ch. 26 - Prob. 7SQ
Ch. 26 - Prob. 8SQCh. 26 - A prominent chin is typical of _______. a. Homo...Ch. 26 - Prob. 10SQCh. 26 - Prob. 11SQCh. 26 - Prob. 12SQCh. 26 - Prob. 13SQCh. 26 - Match each group with its description. _____...Ch. 26 - Prob. 15SQCh. 26 - Prob. 1CTCh. 26 - Think about the pattern of human dispersal. Given...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3CT
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- Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12). FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R. How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?arrow_forwardEffects of Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener .syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Men affected by Kartagener syndrome can produce sperm (FIGURE 4.20) but are typically infertile; some of them have become fathers after their sperm cells were injected directly into eggs. Review Figure 4.19, then explain these observations. FIGURE 4.20 An effect of Kartagener syndrome. Cross-section of a sperm flagellum an affected man (left) and an unaffected man (right).arrow_forwardEnhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forward
- Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?arrow_forwardEnhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 1. In the first, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of the hidden platform within 10 seconds?arrow_forwardEnhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 2. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forward
- Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.9 shows their results. FIGURE 39.9 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza huntergatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberia's Yakut. Almost 60 percent of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies?arrow_forwardCultured Skin for Healing Wounds Diabetes is a disorder in which the blood sugar level is not properly controlled. Among other effects, it reduces blood flow to the lower legs and feet. As a result, about 3 million diabetes patients have ulcers (open wounds that do not heal) on their feet. Each year, about 80,000 require amputations. Several companies provide cultured cell products designed to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. FIGURE 31.15 shows the results of a clinical experiment that tested the effect of one such cultured skin product versus standard treatment for diabetic foot wounds. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental treatment group or the control group, and their progress was monitored for 12 weeks. FIGURE 31.15 Treatment of diabetic food ulcers. Results of a multicenter study of the effects of standard treatment versus use of a cultured cell product for diabetic foot ulcers. Bars show the percentage of foot ulcers that had completely healed. What percentage of wounds had healed at 8 weeks when treated the standard way? When treated with cultured skin?arrow_forwardHuman Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.9 shows their results. FIGURE 39.9 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia. None of the Mbuti (rain-forest huntergathers) had more than 10 copies of AMY-1. Did any European Americans?arrow_forward
- Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.16 shows their results. FIGURE 39.16 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia. 1. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza huntergatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberia's Yakut. Almost 60 percent of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies?arrow_forwardHuman Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.9 shows their results. FIGURE 39.9 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia. Do these data support the hypothesis that a starchy diet favors duplications of the AMY-1 gene?arrow_forward
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