Organic Chemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305080485
Author: John E. McMurry
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 29.SE, Problem 41AP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
Lactate, a product of glucose catabolism in oxygen-starved muscles, can be converted into pyruvate by oxidation.
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Like all chemical reactions, the glycolytic pathway can be expressed as a balanced equation showing reactants on the left side of the equation and products on the right. The equations below describe (a) aerobic glycolysis and (b) anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid fermentation). However, they are not balanced (i.e., they lack the correct stoichiometry). Complete the equations using the correct stoichiometry, assuming that each reaction starts with one molecule of glucose.
glucose + ADP + Pi + NAD+ --> pyruvate + ATP + NADH + H+
glucose + ADP + Pi --> lactate + ATP
If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the methyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain, including schemes of the reactions to support your answer.
1.In the mitochondria, enzymes attached to the membrane use the ______________ to produce a ____________ difference and thus an electrical potential. Making the transfer of _______________ possible
a. pH, flow of electrons, hydrogens
b. pH, electron flow, oxygen
c. electron flow, pH, hydrogens
d. Electron flow, pH, Oxygen
2.Which of the following sugars can be a substrate for hexokinase?
a.glucose
b.fructose
c.mannose
d.all these
e.none of those
Chapter 29 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 1PCh. 29.3 - Write the equations for the remaining passages of...Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 3PCh. 29.4 - Write a mechanism for the dehydration reaction of...Ch. 29.4 - Evidence for the role of acetate in fatty-acid...Ch. 29.4 - Does the reduction of acetoacetyl ACP in step 6...Ch. 29.5 - Prob. 7PCh. 29.5 - Look at the entire glycolysis pathway, and make a...Ch. 29.6 - Prob. 9PCh. 29.7 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 29.7 - Write mechanisms for step 2 of the citric acid...Ch. 29.7 - Prob. 12PCh. 29.8 - Prob. 13PCh. 29.9 - Write all the steps in the transamination reaction...Ch. 29.9 - What -keto acid is formed on transamination of...Ch. 29.9 - Prob. 16PCh. 29.SE - Prob. 17VCCh. 29.SE - Identify the following intermediate in the citric...Ch. 29.SE - The following compound is an intermediate in the...Ch. 29.SE - Prob. 20VCCh. 29.SE - In the pentose phosphate pathway for degrading...Ch. 29.SE - Prob. 22MPCh. 29.SE - One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway...Ch. 29.SE - One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway...Ch. 29.SE - Prob. 25MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 26MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 27MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 28MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 29MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 30MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 31MPCh. 29.SE - Prob. 32APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 33APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 34APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 35APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 36APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 37APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 38APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 39APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 40APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 41APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 42APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 43APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 44APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 45APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 46APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 47APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 48APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 49APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 50APCh. 29.SE - In glycerol metabolism, the oxidation of...Ch. 29.SE - Prob. 52APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 53APCh. 29.SE - Prob. 54APCh. 29.SE - In step 7 of fatty-acid biosynthesis (Figure...Ch. 29.SE - Prob. 56AP
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- Complete the following reactions with the correct steriochemistryarrow_forwardIdentify the following intermediate in the citric acid cycle, and tell whether it has R or S stereochemistry:arrow_forwardYou are called in as a consult for a patient who suffers from acidosis. Urine levels of both lactic acid and isocitric acid are elevated. Mitochondria isolated from the patient’s fibroblasts oxidize pyruvate very slowly whereas α-ketoglutarate and malate are oxidized normally. a. At what enzyme would you predict the patient has a defect? b. Why? What evidence do you have to choose that enzyme? c. How do you account for the increase in lactic acid?arrow_forward
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the primary site for regulation of the glycolytic pathway. The activity of PFK is dependent on the energy status of the cell. Answer the following questions using a few words. This is not and essay! a. Why would a cell regulate glycolysis? b. What is the specific signal or molecule(s) to which PFK responds? c. Why does this mechanism of regulation make sense?arrow_forwardIn this reaction, catalase functions as an: a. indicator in the detection of hydrogen peroxideb. emulsifier in the digestion of hydrogen peroxidec. enzyme in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxided. enzyme in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxidearrow_forwardWhy is the reaction that is catalyzed by E3 in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex not involved in the forming of the product (acetyl CoA) but still is important to the process of the complex? Explain why it is important.arrow_forward
- The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase is responsible in which of the following process? A.Formation of fructose 6-phosphate B. Formation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C. Formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate D. Formation of 3-phosphoglycerate E. None of the abovearrow_forwardProvide a mechanism that would support this reaction. It is similar to a step in the Citric Acid Cycle. Please answer very soon will give rating surelyarrow_forwardMalate is converted to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase using the cofactor NAD+. Note that histidine is the base needed to start the reaction, and it is abbreviated as :B. Only the relevant portion of NAD+ is shown.arrow_forward
- Using the same format as below draw the structure of compound X in the following metabolic reaction. Name the type of enzyme that performs this reactionarrow_forwardWhich of the following would occur in a mutant lacking Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase? (a). Ferredoxin would be reduced upon illumination. (b). Thioredoxin would remain oxidized. (c). The disulfide bonds of Calvin cycle enzymes would remain oxidized. (d). All of the abovearrow_forwardThe aconitase-catalyzed addition of water to cis-aconitate in the citric acid cycle occurs with the following stereochemistry. Does the addition of the OH group occur on the Re or Si face of the substrate? What about the addition of the H? Do the H and OH groups add from the same side of the double bond or from opposite sides?arrow_forward
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