Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337613316
Author: Frederick J Gravetter, Lori-Ann B. Forzano
Publisher: Cengage Learning
bartleby

Concept explainers

bartleby

Videos

Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 1E

In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define each of the following terms:

Positive relationship ratio scale
Negative relationship self-report measure
Accuracy physiological measure
Scale of measurement behavioral measure
Nominal scale range effect
Ordinal scale artifact
Interval scale subject roles or subject role behaviors

Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark
To determine

The definition of the following terms.

Explanation of Solution

Positive Relationship:

In statistics, a positive relationship or positive correlation is defined as the relationship between two variables in which, increment (decrement) in one variable results in increment(decrement) of another variable (not necessarily in same ratio). In other words, positive relationship is the relationship between the two variables in which both variable moves in same direction.

For example, increment in RAM results in increment in price of mobile. The positive relationship can also be seen graphically through scatter plot.

Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List), Chapter 3, Problem 1E , additional homework tip  1

Negative Relationship:

In statistical terms, a negative relationship or negative correlation is defined as the relationship between two variables in which both the variables move in opposite direction, that is, increment(decrement) in the value of one variable results in decrement (increment) of other.

For example, on increasing the temperature of microwave, the time taken by water to boil is decreased.

Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List), Chapter 3, Problem 1E , additional homework tip  2

Accuracy:

Statistics is not about deterministic value, it's about estimated value which is close to accurate value. While doing an experiment, one can never get exact value. So accuracy tells the closeness between true value and estimated value.

For example, a sample is drawn from a population having mean 30 and the sample mean is 29 then one can say that sample mean is accurate to within 1 unit.

Scale of Measurement:

The term 'measurement' is used in our daily lives very broadly but in statistics, the term 'scale of measurement' is used which is more appropriate and is used to categorize the variables. The scale of measurement gives some ways to categorize the variables. The scale of measurement is divided into four scales- nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale. Each scale has its own properties on the basis of which the variables can be categorized. This categorization is very useful while performing statistical analysis and without this categorization, it is not possible to perform analysis. The scale of measurement works as base of statistical analysis.

Nominal Scale:

The scale which consists of variables having categories and do not have any order is known as nominal scales and the variables are known as nominal or categorical variables. These variables are simply used as identifiers such as blood group (AB, A, B, O), gender (male and female), residential area (urban and rural) etc.

In this, categories of any variables can be assigned the codes in the form of the numbers and those numbers work as the labels. For a variable gender, male can be assigned as 0 and females as 1.

Ordinal Scale:

The ordinal scale contains the variables having categories and should be placed in order and the variables are known as ordinal variables. For example, ranks achieved in drawing competition, that is, first, second and third positions.

This scale is not used to represent the quantity.

Interval Scale:

The term 'interval' means 'gap in between' which shows the importance about each value between items. An interval scale is a scale in which zero point is arbitrary. In this scale, scores can be added and subtracted but cannot be multiplied meaningfully. For example, temperature because there is no such thing as 'no temperature'.

Ratio Scale:

The scale, consisting of the variable having true zero point is known as the ratio scale. In ratio scale, the percentage is useful unit. For example, weight is expressed in kilograms and also in grams and they are linearly related as 1kg=1000gms. Here 0 kilograms and 0 gram is same and would have no weight.

Self-Report Measure:

In self-report measure, we do a study based on questionnaire or survey. Here, respondents select their responses themselves and questions are based on their feelings, attitudes, behaviour etc. and record their answers.

Self report measures are operational definitions in which respondents are asked to fill the questionnaire about their own behaviour or mental conditions.

Psychological Measurement:

Psychological measurement deals with the measurement of psychological traits or mental abilities like intelligence, aptitude, interest, opinion, honesty or attitude. Psychological characteristics can be measured only with some degree of unreliability. The psychological scale is an interval scale because there is no absolute zero-point on the scale.

Behavioural Measure:

Behavioural measures are tests and methods, targets on information from a subject of interest. It contain over actions and reactions of respondents.

Range Effect:

When each subject of interest receives more than one experimental condition then range effect occurs. The range effects are critical to measurement of almost any kind of human behaviour.

Artefact:

In econometrics, artefact is defined as an error which occurs during data manipulation or in the case of selection of faulty choice of variables.

Subject role or subject role behaviours:

It includes the study of human thoughts and actions, individually as well as collectively. In this, the behaviour and reactions of human are recorded for any particular situation.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Chapter 3 Solutions

Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)

Knowledge Booster
Statistics
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
  • Grade Point Average In many universities students are given grade points for each credit unit according to the following scale: A 4 points B 3 points C 2 points D 1 point F 0 point For example, a grade of A in a 3-unit course earns 43=12 grade points and a grade of B in a 5-unit course earns 35=15 grade points. A students grade point average GPA for these two courses is the total number of grade points earned divided by the number of units; in this case the GPA is (12+15)8=3.375. a Find a formula for the GPA of a student who earns a grade of A in a units of course work, B in b units, C in c units, D in d units and F in f units. b Find the GPA of a student who has earned a grade of A in two 3-unit courses, B in one 4-unit courses and C in three 3-unit courses.
    Mortgage Rates The following table is taken from the website of Freddie Mac. It shows rates for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages since 1970. y=Year r=Mortgagerate 1975 9.05 1980 13.74 1985 12.43 1990 10.13 1995 7.93 2000 8.05 2005 5.87 2010 4.69 2015 3.84 a. Explain in practical terms the meaning of r(2003). b. Use the table to estimate the value of r(2003).
    Grade Point Average In many universities students are given grade points for each credit unit according to the following scale: A4 points B3 points C2 points D1 points F0 points For example, a grade of A in a 3-unit earns 43=12 grade points and grade points and a grade of B in a 5-unit course earns 35=15 grade points. A student’s grade point average (GPA) for these two courses is the total number of grade points earned divided by the number of units; in this case the GPA is (12+15)/8=3.375 . (a) Find a formula for a GPA of a student who earns a grade A in a units of course work, B in b units; C in c units, D in d units, and F in f units. (b) Find a GPA of a student who has earned a grade of A in two-units courses. B in one 4-unit course, and C in three 3-unit courses.
  • Recommended textbooks for you
  • College Algebra
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781305115545
    Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Algebra and Trigonometry (MindTap Course List)
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781305071742
    Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781337111348
    Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan Noell
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
  • College Algebra
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781337282291
    Author:Ron Larson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
    Algebra
    ISBN:9780079039897
    Author:Carter
    Publisher:McGraw Hill
    Mathematics For Machine Technology
    Advanced Math
    ISBN:9781337798310
    Author:Peterson, John.
    Publisher:Cengage Learning,
  • College Algebra
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781305115545
    Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Algebra and Trigonometry (MindTap Course List)
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781305071742
    Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781337111348
    Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan Noell
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    College Algebra
    Algebra
    ISBN:9781337282291
    Author:Ron Larson
    Publisher:Cengage Learning
    Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
    Algebra
    ISBN:9780079039897
    Author:Carter
    Publisher:McGraw Hill
    Mathematics For Machine Technology
    Advanced Math
    ISBN:9781337798310
    Author:Peterson, John.
    Publisher:Cengage Learning,
    Types of Data: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval/Ratio - Statistics Help; Author: Dr Nic's Maths and Stats;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZxnzfnt5v8;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
    Statistics 1.1.2 Types of Data; Author: Dr. Jack L. Jackson II;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZ4kHJOuoec;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY