Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The percentage relative error due to the finite gain of the amplifier is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
In a voltage follower circuit, there will be a small amount of difference voltage between the two terminals of the op-amp( vs )which can produce a non-zero output voltage. Hence, there is a possibility that even if applied, input voltage vi is zero, there can be a finite output from the voltage follower.
This can be treated as an error and the error in the output voltage can be due to the finite gain of the amplifier, loading of the voltage source and many other factors.
(b)
Interpretation:
The percentage relative error due to the loading of voltage source is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
In a voltage follower circuit, there will be a small amount of difference voltage between the two terminals of the op-amp, which can produce a non-zero output voltage. Hence, there is a possibility that even if applied input voltage is zero, there can be a finite output from the voltage follower. This can be treated as an error and the error in the output voltage can be due to the finite gain of the amplifier, loading of the voltage source, and many other factors.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- The following data were obtained for repetitive mass measurements of 1.004-g standard mass on a top-loading balance: 1.002, 1.000, 0.997, 1.004, 1.003, 1.001, 1.005, 0.999, 1.007. a. assuming the noise is random, calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for the balance. b. How many measurements would have to be averaged to obtain a S/N of 500?arrow_forwardThe Weibull distribution is widely used in statistical problems relating to aging of solid insulating materials subjected to aging and stress. Use this distribution as a model for time (in hours) to failure of solid insulating specimens subjected to AC voltage. The values of the parameters depend on the voltage and temperature; suppose ? = 2.2 and ? = 220. (a) What is the probability that a specimen's lifetime is at most 250? Less than 250? More than 300? (Round your answers to five decimal places.) at most 250 less than 250more than 300 (b) What is the probability that a specimen's lifetime is between 100 and 250? (Round your answer to four decimal places.) (c) What value (in hr) is such that exactly 50% of all specimens have lifetimes exceeding that value? (Round your answer to three decimal places.) hrarrow_forwardExplain why internal standard can be used for ICP-OES but is not used for AASarrow_forward
- Three factors were studied: reactor length, carrier flow rate, and sample volume, with the high and low values summarized in the following table. factor high (+1) level low (–1) level X: reactor length 1.3 cm 2.0 cm Y: carrier flow rate 1.6 mL/min 2.2 mL/min Z: sample volume 100 μL 150μL The authors determined the optimum response based on the greatest sensitivity, as determined by the change in potential for the potentiometric detector. The following table summarizes their optimization results. run X* Y* Z* ΔE (mV) 1 –1 –1 –1 37.45 2 +1 –1 –1 31.70 3 –1 +1 –1 32.10 4 +1 +1 –1 27.30 5 –1 –1 +1 39.85 6 +1 –1 +1 32.85 7 –1 +1 +1 35.00 8 +1 +1 +1 32.15 Which factor has the greatest effect on sensitivity (change in potential at the detector)? Which set of conditions optimizes the detection sensitivity?arrow_forwardA standard solution was prepared containing 10.0 ppm of an analyte and 15.0 ppm of an internal standard. Analysis of the sample gave signals for the analyte and internal standard of 0.155 and 0.233 (arbitrary units), respectively. Sufficient internal standard was added to an unknown sample to make it 15.0 ppm in the internal standard. Analysis of the unknown sample yielded signals for the analyte and internal standard of 0.274 and 0.198, respectively. Calculate the concentration of analyte in the unknown sample.arrow_forward
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning