Chapter 30, Problem 1CQ

To determine

the fundamental particles that makes the atoms.

Answer to Problem 1CQ

The fundamental particles that make the atoms are quarks, antiquarks, leptons, antileptons and exchange particles.

Explanation of Solution

The atom is made any of six quarks or antiquarks and six leptons or antileptons. The six quarks are up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top; the six quarks have six antiquarks. Similarly, the six leptons are electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino; the six leptons have six antileptons.

Further, the atom may consists of exchange particles such as, photons, gluons, ${\text{W}}^{\text{+}}$, ${\text{W}}^{-}$, ${\text{Z}}^0$, and gravitons.