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Another set of reactions that result in the fusing of hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called the carbon cycle. It is
Write down the overall effect at the carbon cycle (as was done for the proton−proton cycle in
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- Scientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates ¹4C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of 14C begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. A parchment fragment was discovered that had about 75% as much 14C radioactivity as does plant material on earth today. Estimate the age of the parchment. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.) yr Need Help? Watch It Additional Materials THERarrow_forwardFor the following reaction, what is the energy released, in GJ/mol? (1 GJ = 1E9 J) Use 2.998E8 m/s as the speed of light 1 a m u has a mass of 1.6605E-27 kg A + B → C + D A B C D mass (amu) 3.1706 6.3211 4.1531 5.1703arrow_forwardc) The equation below describes the disintegration of a polonium nucleus into a lead nucleus and an alpha-particle. During the reaction energy Q is released. 210Po → He +²02Pb+Q 84 82 Calculate the loss of energy during the reaction. The masses in the atomic mass unit u are as follows: 210 206 Po= 209.98287 u, Pb = 205.97446 u and He = 4.002604 u. 84 82 You may assume that 1u is equivalent to 931 MeV. d) The lead nucleus recoils in the opposite direction to the emitted alpha particle conserving momentum. Hence calculate: i) The ratio of the recoil nucleus and alpha particle velocities ii) The kinetic energy distribution of these products.arrow_forward
- Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy in the interior of stars is the carbon cycle first proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939, leading to his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. This cycle is most efficient when the central temperature in a star is above 1.6 x 107 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 x 107 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun’s energy. (a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray. Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus C and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus C. (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to produce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a proton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. Identify nucleus F.…arrow_forwardb & carrow_forwardThe following experimental data were obtained from the reaction A + B → C: experiment [A] (M) | [B] (M) 0.20 0.40 0.20 rate (M/sec) 2.0 x 10-4 8.0 x 10-4 4.0 x 10-4 1 0.20 0.20 0.40 2. Use above data to write the rate law for the equation. for exponents do this: [A]^8 * Your answer 3. What is the order of the reaction with respect to A? * Your answer 4. What is the order of the reaction with respect to B? Your answerarrow_forward
- A "mad" scientist attempts to take a sample of Mercury-199 and bombard it with neutrons. The reaction creates a proton and Gold-199. His joy is short-lived when in a few days the radioactive Gold-199 reverts back to Mercury-199 emitting a single particle. What is the emitted particle? 199 79 O O → 199 80Hg+? a beta (-) particle ß- a proton; H+ an alpha particle; a a neutron; nºarrow_forward23arrow_forwardQuestion 1 Calculate the binding energy for 0.064 mole of He (4.00150 amu) in kJ. Question 2 Calculate the binding energy for 0.022 mole of 10Be (10.01019 amu) in kJ. Question 3 Calculate the binding energy for 0.029 mole of 12C (11.99671 amu) in kJ.arrow_forward
- Suppose that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction was 100.00000 g. How many kilojoules of energy would have to evolve from this reaction if the total mass of the products could be no greater than 99.99900 g? _____kJ If all this energy were used to heat water, how many liters of water could have its temperature raised form 22.3°C to 98.8°C?_____Larrow_forwardA car does 17000 km/year. One litre of fuel has mass 0.84 kg. Due to inertia when starting, kinetic energy required to reach a fixed speed and rolling resistance, all increasing with increased mass, 0.4 L /100 km of exrta fuel are used for every extra 100 kg of mass. If the fuel is 86% carbon, and this is entirely oxidised to form CO2 during combustion, how much extra CO2 is emitted per year if the car is driven with an average of 35 L of fuel rather than an average of 15 L? Atomic masses of C and O are 12 and 16 respectively.arrow_forwardA car does 17000 km/year. One litre of fuel has mass 0.84 kg. Due to inertia when starting, kinetic energy required to reach a fixed speed and rolling resistance, all increasing with increased mass, 0.4 L/100 km of exrta fuel are used for every extra 100 kg of mass. If the fuel is 86% carbon, and this is entirely oxidised to form CO2 during combustion, how much extra CO2 is emitted per year if the car is driven with an average of 35 L of fuel rather than an average of 15 L? Atomic masses of C and O are 12 and 16 respectively. O a. 30 kg O b. 39.kg O c. 144 kg O d. 33 kg O e. 11 kgarrow_forward
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