Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 39, Problem 1DAA

Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups.

George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.16 shows their results.

Chapter 39, Problem 1DAA, Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that

FIGURE 39.16 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia.

1. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza hunter–gatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberia's Yakut. Almost 60 percent of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies?

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  • Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would be selectively advantageous in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. FIGURE 39.9 shows their results. FIGURE 39.9 Number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. The Hadza, Biaka, Mbuti, and Datog are tribes in Africa. The Yakut live in Siberia. Do these data support the hypothesis that a starchy diet favors duplications of the AMY-1 gene?
    The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more of the enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would confer a selective advantage in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. The Figure shows their results. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza hunter-gatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberias Yakut. Almost 60% of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY-1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies? FIGURENumber of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. Source: G. Perry et al. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature Genetics 39:12561260.
    Q: Breast milk from femae humans and other mammals has a variety of nutritious metabolites for growing infantts including antibodies that are passed on from the mother to the child lactose How does jactone enter giyoonysis in the intant's cell?  A)it is broken down into alucose, which enters glycolysis directly, and galactose but it is particularly high in the carbohydrate which enters glycolysis after a series of reactions involving a sugqar-nucleotide that epimerize it to a phosphorylated form of glucose B)Its nonveducing end is attacked by norganic phosphate (PI), creating a giycolysis intermediate C) Hexokinase phosphorytates it to create a glycolysis intermediate D) A salivary amylase enryme begins to catabolize it then a pancreatic amylase enzyme continues to catabolize it at lower pH E)it enters giycolysis after a series of reactions involving a sugar-nucieotide that epimerize it directly to a phosphorylated form of glucose
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    Help filling in the blanks: The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…
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