Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780357093795
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE LEARNING (CUSTOM)
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Textbook Question
Chapter 39, Problem 4CT
Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that make cholera toxin. In the presence of this toxin, chloride ion channels in cells of the small intestine lining are stuck in their open position. As a result, an excess of chloride ions (Cl−) flows from these cells into the lumen of the small intestine. Movement of Cl− creates a charge gradient, so sodium ions (Na+) also flow into the lumen. Explain why the movement of these ions into the lumen results in the life-threatening diarrhea that characterizes cholera.
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The stomach has two types of exocrine secretory cells:
chief cells that secrete an inactive form of a protein-digesting enzyme, pepsinogen
parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which activates pepsinogen
Both these cell types have an abundance of mitochondria for ATP production - the chief cells for the energy needed needed to synthesize pepsinogen, the parietal cells for the energy needed to transport H+ and Cl- from the blood into the stomach lumen. But only one of these cell types also has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant Golgi stacks.
Explain which cell type would have extensive rough ER and Golgi stacks and why.
Also explain which cell type would not have as extensive a rough ER and Golgi stacks and why.
If a mutation in a sodium channel in an Intestinal epithelial cell caused a marked decrease In the concentration gradient of sodium across the plasma membrane, which of the following would you expect to observe?
a decrease in Na/K ATPase activity.
an increase in the movement of glucose across the basolateral membrane to the extracellular space
an increase in sodium/glucose co-transport into the cell across the apical membrane
a decrease in cytoplasmic glucose concentration
The stomach has two types of exocrine cells, chief cell which secrete an inactive form of the protein degesting enzymes pepsinogen, and parietal cells , which secrete hydrochloric acid that activates pepsinogen.Both cell types have an abundance of mitochondria ATP production.The chief cells need energy to synthesise pepsinogen and parietal cells need energy to transport hydrogen ions and chloride ions from the blood into the stomach lumen.Only one of this cell types has an extensive roung endoplasmic and abandant Golgi stacks. Would this be the chief cells or parietal cells?why?
Chapter 39 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Prob. 1SQCh. 39 - Prob. 2SQCh. 39 - Prob. 3SQCh. 39 - A bird's keratin-lined _______ helps it grind up...Ch. 39 - Prob. 5SQCh. 39 - Prob. 6SQCh. 39 - The low pH of the _______ aids in protein...
Ch. 39 - Prob. 8SQCh. 39 - Prob. 9SQCh. 39 - Eating a healthy diet entirely of plant foods...Ch. 39 - Prob. 11SQCh. 39 - Prob. 12SQCh. 39 - Prob. 13SQCh. 39 - Match each substance with its description. _____...Ch. 39 - Match each organ with its digestive function in...Ch. 39 - Some people who have gallstones experience pain...Ch. 39 - A python can survive by eating a large meal once...Ch. 39 - Although rabbits cannot break cellulose down into...Ch. 39 - Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that make...
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- When food is digested, it passes through the alimentary canal, or the gastrointestinal tract, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. As it travels it gets broken down into smaller and smaller macromolecules until they are small enough to be absorbed into the lining of the GI tract. What cells would you not expect to find in the lining of the GI tract?arrow_forwardThe catabolic enzyme alpha-amylase is active in some parts of the digestive system but not in others. What property of aqueous solutions controls its level of activity and how? If this property was out of the normal range in the areas of the digestive system where the enzyme is normally active, how would the catabolism of the substrate of alpha-amylase be affected?arrow_forwardThe hormone which regulates pH in the intestine is called: a) cholecystokinin b) secretin c) thyroxine d) epinephrine The hormone which signals the release of digestive enzymes is: a) cholecystokinin b) secretin c) thyroxine d) epinephrine Larger peptides are broken to smaller peptides by which enzymes? A) amylases b) peptidases c) chylomicrons d) lipases Amino acids released into intestinal cells are transported into the blood by an antiporter which exchanges the amino acids for which ion? A) Cl- b) K+ c) Na+ d) Ca+2 When alpha amylase digests amylopectin, the final products are: a) glucose and fructose b) maltose and glucose c) maltose and fructose d) maltose and dextrinarrow_forward
- The end product of protein digestion is: a) monosaccharides b) glycerol and fatty acids c) nucleotides d) amino acids The role of the hormone secretin is: a) to signal the release of bile from the gall bladder d) to signal the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas c) to raise the pH of the intestine d) to signal the removal of kinetic acid from lipids Which of these two substances serve as emulsifying agents in the digestion of lipids? a) cholecystokinin and secretin b) monoacylglycerols and bile salts c) lipases and proteases d) kinetic acid and cholesterol Triacylglycerols are packaged into which unit before being secreted into lymph fluid? a) chylomicrons b) liposomes c) lysosomes d) kinetic acid micelles Breakdown products of most nutrients are fed into the Krebs Cycle as which molecule? a) glycogen b) ATP c) acetyl-CoA d) NADH A process in which protein is built from amino acids would be: a) anabolic b) catabolic c) diabolic d)…arrow_forwardWhat molecules do the following digestive enzymes help to break down? (a) amylase, (b) invertase, (c) endopeptidasearrow_forwardSome of the intestinal epithelial cells, called goblet cells, contain small globules of mucus. Why are there cells in the small intestine that produce mucus?arrow_forward
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