Chapter 4, Problem 45E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $CC{l}_4$ has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $CC{l}_4$ is carbon $\left(\text{C}\right)$. The electronic configuration of carbon is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{4+4}{2}\\ =4\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $NC{l}_3$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2 find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $NC{l}_3$ is nitrogen $\left(\text{N}\right)$. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^3$

The valence electrons in carbon are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{5+3}{2}\\ =4\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SeC{l}_2$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $SeC{l}_2$ is selenium $\left(\text{Se}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{4}}$

The valence electrons in selenium are six.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{6+2}{2}\\ =4\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $ICl$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $ICl$ is Iodine $\left(\text{I}\right)$. The electronic configuration of iodine is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{4}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{5}}$

The valence electrons in selenium are seven.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{7+1}{2}\\ =4\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization and should have a tetrahedral geometry.

(a-I)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N{O}_2^{-}$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N{O}_2^{-}$ is nitrogen $\left(\text{N}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{5+1}{2}\\ =3\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

(a-II)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N{O}_3^{-}$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N{O}_3^{-}$.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N{O}_3^{-}$ is nitrogen $\left(\text{N}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The formula of number of electron pairs is,

    $X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}$

Where,

• $X$ is number of electron pairs.
• $V$ is valence electrons of central atom.
• $M$ is number of monovalent atoms.
• $C$ is charge on compound.

The number of electron pairs is,

    $\begin{array}{c}X=\frac{V+M\pm C}{2}\\ X=\frac{5+1}{2}\\ =3\end{array}$

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

(a-III)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N_2{O}_4$ has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N_2{O}_4$ is nitrogen $\left(\text{N}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Figure 1

For the nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is one.  Hence, the steric number for the nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $3$.  This corresponds to the ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization and should have a triangular planar geometry.

(b-I)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $OC{N}^{-}$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is $\text{sp}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $OC{N}^{-}$ is carbon $\left(\text{C}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of carbon is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^2$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Figure 2

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $\text{sp}$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $\text{sp}$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

(b-II)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in ${\text{SCN}}^{\text{-}}$ has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

To determine: The expected hybridization of the central atom in $SC{N}^{-}$.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is $\text{sp}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in ${\text{SCN}}^{\text{-}}$ is carbon $\left(\text{C}\right)$. The electronic configuration of carbon is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{2}}$

The valence electrons in carbon are four.

The structure of this molecule is,

Figure 3

For the carbon atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the carbon atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is 2. This corresponds to the $\text{sp}$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $\text{sp}$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.

(b-III)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The expected hybridization of the central atom in $N_3^{-}$ has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The following steps are to be followed to determine the hybridization and the molecular structure of a given compound,

• The central atom is identified.
• Its valence electrons are determined.
• $1{\text{e}}^{-}$ is added to the total number of valence electrons for each monovalent atom present.
• The total number obtained is divided by 2, to find the number of electron pairs.
• This further gives us the hybridization of the given compound.

For an atom, present in the structure of a compound, the sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present on it gives its steric number. The value of the steric number gives us the hybridization of the atom.

Answer to Problem 45E

The central atom in given compound is $\text{sp}$ hybridized.

Explanation of Solution

The central atom in $N_3^{-}$ is nitrogen $\left(\text{N}\right)$.  The electronic configuration of nitrogen is,

    ${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^3$

The valence electrons in nitrogen are five.

The structure of this molecule is,

Figure 4

For the central nitrogen atom, the number of bonded atoms is two and the number of lone pairs is zero. Hence, the steric number for the central nitrogen atom (sum of the number of bonded atoms and the number of lone pairs present) is $2$. This corresponds to the $\text{sp}$ hybridization.

This means that the central atom shows $\text{sp}$ hybridization and should have a linear geometry.