Concept explainers
To explain: The use of genetically engineered cells to produce acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, and other neurotransmitters in neurobiological research.
Introduction: Neurotransmitters play an important part in the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are the chemical that transmits neural signals from one nerve cell to other neurons. Acetylcholine, GABA, dopamine are all neurotransmitters.
To explain: The use of genetically engineered cells that produce acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, and other neurotransmitters in clinical medicine.
Introduction: Neurotransmitters play an important part in the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are the chemical that transmits neural signals from one nerve cell to other neurons. Acetylcholine, GABA, dopamine are all neurotransmitters.
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Biology (MindTap Course List)
- Test Your Understanding 8. VISUALIZE Label the diagram of the human brain.arrow_forwardMatch each item with its description. ___ gray matter a. start of brain, spinal cord ___ neurotransmitter b. connects the hemispheres ___ pons c. protects brain and spinal ___ corpus callosum cord from some toxins ___ cerebral cortex d. type of signaling molecule ___ neural tube e. brain's myelin makers ___ oligodendrocytes f. brain stem structure ___ blood-brain g. controls language, reasoning barrier h. cell bodies and dendritesarrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3. Which of the following occurs first when voltage reaches the threshold level in a neuron plasma membrane? (a) voltageactivated Na+ channels open (b) K+ channels open (c) the membrane hyperpolarizes (d) neurotransmitter is released (e) K+ channels closearrow_forward
- Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab) to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observe electrophysiological processes in the nervous system, where scientists directly measure the electrical signals produced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur so rapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is not helpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded from a neuron and it pops each time the neuron fires an action potential. These action potentials are firing so fast that it sounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists can recognize the patterns within that static to understand what is happening. Why is the leech model used for measuring the electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?arrow_forwardVisit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervetissue3) to learn about how nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells. The neurons are dynamic cells with the ability to make a vast number of connections and to respond incredibly quickly to stimuli and to initiate movements based on those stimuli. They are the focus of intense research as failures in physiology can lead to devastating illnesses. Why are neurons only found in animals? Based on what this article says about neuron function, why wouldnt they be helpful for plants or microorganisms?arrow_forwardWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- 7.Which among the following statement is INCORRECT?(This is a multiple choice question choose the answer from the choices below) A.Motor neurons can cause the secretion of hormones from endocrine glands in addition to affecting the movement of muscles B.Sensory neurons send signals away from the CNS and elicit some type of response C.Motor neurons are efferent neurons that leave the CNS and act on distant cells D.Sensory neurons receive a stimulus either directly or from a specialized sensory receptor cell, and pass the signal on to the CNSarrow_forwardWhat is the term for protein channels that connect two neurons at an electrical synapse? synaptic vesicles voltage-gated ion channels gap junction protein sodium-potassium exchange pumpsarrow_forward2. Which of the following is not one of the basic functions of the nervous system? a. Formulate responses to sensory stimulation b. Send signals rapidly between body parts c. Produce major body fluids such as plasma and interstitial tissue fluid d. Detect sense stimuli 3. One example of a function of neuroglial cells is to... a. Add myelin to axons b. Produce neurotransmitters c. Bind neurotransmitters d. Link one neuron cell to another at thesynapsearrow_forward
- 9 Describe how the sequential opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels leads to depolarization and repolarization of the membrane and results in the propagation of a signal along the axon of a neuronal cellarrow_forward10. Which of the following is a calcium release channel? A)Ryanodine receptor B)Tropomyosin C)DHP receptor D)Nicotinic receptor E)Troponinarrow_forward7. Cell A is a glutamatergic neuron with a single synapse onto Cell B. Which of the following events would NOT result in an increased postsynaptic response in Cell B caused by an action potential in Cell A? a. Increase in the amount of glutamate released from Cell A b. Increase in the number of AMPA receptors on the surface of Cell B c. Increase in the number of GABA receptors on the surface of Cell B d. Addition of more synapses between Cell A and Cell B e. These would all increase the postsynaptic responsearrow_forward
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