Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 41, Problem 8TYK
Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The retina of the vertebrate eye contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Each of them responds to a different type of visual stimuli. For instance, rods get activated in the presence of dim light while cones get activated in the presence of bright light. Rods help in the spatial vision of objects in dim light while cones allow us to observe different colors in bright light. The photoreceptors send signals through optic fiber to the visual cortex of the brain.

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Which of the following statements about the contributions of rods and cones to vision is TRUE?   A. The three types of cones (long, medium, short) are represented at roughly equal numbers   B. Rods respond to light at ultra-violet wavelengths (>600nm)   C. The relative density of cones is roughly even throughout the retina   D. The greater sensitivity of rods in low light is explained by their larger number   E. Several rods converge on a single bipolar cell
You are watching the stars at night, and you never seem to be looking at the right spot to catch the brightest meteors. Which of the following might explain this? a)Your fovea contains mostly cones; thus you see dim light especially well when looking right at it. b)Your peripheral retina contains more rods, which are more sensitive to dim light than cones; thus objects in your peripheral vision appear brighter in dim light situations. c)Detection of light depends mostly on its color rather than intensity; thus cones play a larger role in detection of light in dim light situations. d) all of the above.     ( well explain  the correct  answer  and type answer).
The transduction process of converting light into neural signals sent to the central nervous system involves which of these steps?   A. Bipolar Cells collect signals from Rods and Cones.   B. The Optic Nerve carries signals about light from the Lateral Geniculate Nuclues to the Retinal Ganglion Cells.   C. Retinal Ganglion Cells relay information to Rods and Cones.   D. Light that reaches the eyes passes first through the Retina which focuses that light onto the Cornea.
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  • For vertebrate photoreception, define: (a) photopigment; (b) photoreceptor; and (c) receptive field.
    Which of the following statements about photoreceptors is true? A) There are more rod cells in the fovea of the eye, although overall there are more cones in the human eye. B) All of these options C) Photoreceptors are located near the front of the eye, in the cornea. D) There are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, that contain different photopigments.
    When a person blinks, the part of the brain that interprets visual stimulation is suppressed. The spontaneous act of blinking is controlled by the area of the brain that controls involuntary movements such as breathing and blood pressure. To determine whether the lack of light or the act of blinking causes the suppression,  scientists had subjects close their eyes and then placed a bright flashing light in their mouth to stimulate the photoreceptors in the eyes through the palate. Visual stimulation was still suppressed.  So the photoreceptors in the retina were not stimulated even though they were exposed to light.  This study demonstrated that when a person blinks, it is the act of blinking and not the absence of light that causes the suppression of visual stimulation. In the diagram above, identify the part of the brain that is suppressed during blinking and the part of the brain that controls involuntary, spontaneous blinking. Select one: a. 3 and 8 b. 2 and 9 c. 5 and 6 d. 1…
  • Why is a retinal defect, such as retinitis pigmentosa, which causes tunnel vision, associated with night blindness? a. Tunnel vision and night blindness are unrelated conditions. b. The high density of rod photoreceptors in the fovea are unaffected in each condition. c. The highest resolution cone photoreceptors are found exclusively in the outer regions of the retina. d. The color-detecting cone photoreceptors have the greatest density in the outer regions of the retina. e. The highly-sensitive rod photoreceptors are located in the outer regions of the retina.
    Colour blindness can result from the loss of specific types of cones, or it can occur in individuals having fewer cones of a given type. An individual has 50% less than the normal number of green cone photoreceptors in his or her retina. How would this affect his or her vision? a. This person has night blindness. He or she should start to eat more carrots to replenish the stock of retinal molecules in the retina. b. This person will have difficulty adapting to varying light levels. His or her cone receptors take much longer to adapt in a brightly lit area. c. This person does not have a colour blindness because no green cone photoreceptors are in the retina; only red, yellow, and blue photoreceptors exist. d. This person has a mild green colour blindness. He or she cannot see green colours very clearly and has difficulty distinguishing colours involving green hues.
    In humans, what happens to visual information from the left visual field?A. It reaches the right half of each retina, which sends messages to the left hemisphere.B. It reaches the right half of each retina, which sends messages to the right hemisphere.C. It reaches the left half of each retina, which sends messages to the left hemisphere.D. It reaches the left half of each retina, which sends messages to the right hemisphere.
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    Visual Perception – How It Works; Author: simpleshow foundation;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DU3IiqUWGcU;License: Standard youtube license