Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780357093795
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE LEARNING (CUSTOM)
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Chapter 42, Problem 1DAA
Summary Introduction

To determine: The most common type of birth defect in the single-birth group.

Introduction: During the gestation period, the mother can have single birth or multiple births. Single birth is where the mother carries only one fetus during the gestation period in the womb. Multiple births are where more than one fetus is carried during the gestation period, such as twins, triplets, quadruplets, and more. Carrying more than one fetus in the womb results in insufficient supply of nutrient to the developing fetus. These fetuses become still-born or born with abnormalities.

Expert Solution & Answer
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Explanation of Solution

Scientist YT studied the correlation between birth defects and multiple births in City F from 1996 to 2000. The scientist calculated the relative risk of birth defect with factors including type of birth, maternal age, economy, race, and medical care provided during pregnancy. The relative risks were calculated using a scale of 1. Relative risk lesser than 1 indicate that multiple births possess less risk of the occurrence of respective birth defects. Relative risk greater than 1 indicates that multiple births do possess a greater risk of the same. The generated data are given in Fig. 42.16.

According to the study, heart defects were the most common type of birth defect in the single-birth group, which may be due to genetic disorders.

Conclusion

The most common type of birth defect in the single-birth group is heart defects.

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Suppose a couple brought to you their 8-year old boy with progressive muscle weakness, and difficulty in motor skills resulting to awkward manner of walking and running . The boy’s 15-year old sister and11-year old brother appear to be unaffected. They have a normal father and a normal pregnant mother. The mother had a brother who died at 26 yrs. of age with similar findings that seemed to worsen with age. The mother also has a sister with the same findings but it only manifested during her 28 th year. Her sister, who married an unaffected man, has two affected sons and a normal daughter.You suspect a diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). a. Draw the pedigree of this family. Follow protocols in making a pedigree. Provide the genotype of all individuals in the pedigree. Please provide also the gene notation. b. What is most likely the pattern of inheritance for this condition? c. Justify your answer in letter (b).d. What is the risk (probability) that the fetus is affected?…
Suppose a couple brought to you their 8-year old boy with progressive muscle weakness, and difficulty in motor skills resulting to awkward manner of walking and running . The boy’s 15-year old sister and11-year old brother appear to be unaffected. They have a normal father and a normal pregnant mother. The mother had a brother who died at 26 yrs. of age with similar findings that seemed to worsen with age. The mother also has a sister with the same findings but it only manifested during her 28 th year. Her sister, who married an unaffected man, has two affected sons and a normal daughter.You suspect a diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
Suppose a couple brought to you their 8-year old boy with progressive muscle weakness, and difficulty in motor skills resulting to awkward manner of walking and running . The boy’s 15-year old sister and 11-year old brother appear to be unaffected. They have a normal father and a normal pregnant mother. The mother had a brother who died at 26 yrs. of age with similar findings that seemed to worsen with age. The mother also has a sister with the same findings but it only manifested during her 28th Her sister, who married an unaffected man, has two affected sons and a normal daughter. You suspect a diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Draw the pedigree of this family. Follow protocols in making a pedigree. Provide the genotype of all individuals in the pedigree. Please provide also the gene notation. What is the risk (probability) that the fetus is affected? Amniocentesis has to be performed in order to determine the sex of the fetus. What is the risk that the child will be…
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  • Birth Defects and Multiple Births A woman who carries multiple offspring at the same time increases the risk of some birth defects. FIGURE 42.18 shows the results of Yiwei Tang's study of birth defects reported in Florida from 1W6 to 2000. Tang compared the incidence of various defects among single and multiple births. She calculated the relative risk for each type of defect based on type of birth, and corrected for other differences that might increase risk such as maternal age, income, race, and medical care during pregnancy. A relative risk of less than 1 means that multiple births pose less risk of that defect occurring. A relative risk greater than 1 means multiples are more likely to have a defect. FIGURE 42.18 Prevalence, per 10,000 live births, of various types of birth defects among multiple aria single births. Relative risk for each defect is given after researches adjusted for the motor's age, race, previous adverse pregnancy experience, education, Medicaid participation during pregnancy, as well as the infant's sex and number of siblings. 4. Does a multiple pregnancy increase the relative risk of chromosomal defects in offspring?
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