Define cardiac output, describe how it is regulated, and identify factors that affect it.

Q: Describe the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A: The heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from the autonomic branch of the…

Q: Describe the heart’s pacemaker and internal electrical conduction system.

A: The heart can be defined as the muscular organ which is about the size of a fist and is situated…

Q: Estimate the ejection fraction of the failing heart at a typical normal end-diastolic volume?

A: Ejection fraction estimation - It is the measurement of the amount of blood pump from left ventricle…

Q: Describe how and why cardiac anatomy changes at birth?

A: The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, which is the anatomical pump with its internal parts…

Q: Define the term vasoconstriction?

A: Blood vessels including arteries, capillaries, and veins can constrict and dilate to facilitate body…

Q: Define events associated with period of ventricular filling , ventricle systole and ventricular…

A: The events that happen during a single heartbeat is known as the cardiac cycle. The duration of a…

Q: How is cardiac output calculated?

A: The human heart is situated in the middle of the thoracic cavity in a space called the mediastinum.…

Q: Discuss that main factors that control heart rate?

A: We know that, Carotid arteries carry blood from the heart to the brain. They branch off from the…

Q: What is known as cardiac output ?

A: The human heart has four chambers within it. These four chambers are the Right and Left atria and…

Q: Describe the specific cause of each sound of the heartbeat.

A: Answer: Introduction: The Autonomous Nervous System is responsible for monitoring physiological…

Q: Explain how Cardiac output is controlled and affected by the following factors: 1. the atrial and…

A: Atrial reflexes is in action when there is venous return to the heart. Baroreceptors in the superior…

Q: Describe the pressure changes in the atria and ventriclesduring a cardiac cycle.

A: The heart is an organ found in animals which is specialised to pump blood in the body. The heart is…

Q: Describe the pacemaker potential and the myocardial action potential, and explain how the latter…

A: Heart is the major pumping organ in our circulatory system. It has two types of cells namely;…

Q: Explain how blood pressure is produced and controlled.

A: BASIC INFORMATION HEART  It is a muscular organ  It is present in a space in between the lungs…

Q: Discuss causal relationships between arterial pressure and blood volume?

A: Blood volume and arterial pressure show a direct relationship as an increase in blood volume…

Q: Describe the control processes that interact to regulate blood flow and pressure in tissues, and…

A: Blood flows in the body through blood vessels that form the cardiovascular system with the heart.…

Q: Describe the factors that influence preload and afterload, and explain how they affect cardiac…

A: Cardiac output is  defined as a amount of blood  heart pumps in a  minute, and also  it depends on…

Q: Trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart, and describe the major factors that ensure…

A: the blood vessels are organized into two different circulatory routes- SYSTEMATIC AND PULMONARY…

Q: Write the equation relating mean arterial pressure to cardiac outputand total peripheral resistance?

A: The cardiovascular system includes heart and blood vessels that work together to pump the oxygen…

Q: Identify the parts of the cardiac conduction system

A: The heart is the main organ of the human body that pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body and…

Q: Define the terms contractility, preload, and afterload, and explain how these factors affect the…

A: Ans: Cardiac output: The heats efficiency is calculated by the volume of blood it pumps to the…

Q: Describe the cardiac cycle, and explain why heart valves open in onlyone direction.

A: Human heart is the Center for regulating blood across the body. It is made up of cardiac Muscles…

Q: Write the formula relating to heart rate

A: BASIC INFORMATION HEART  It is a muscular organ. It is present in a space in between the lungs…

Q: Give description of blood supply in cardiac muscle?

A: Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports…

Q: Describe cardiac output, including the factors involved in its regulation.

A: Our heart can likewise expand its stroke volume by pumping powerfully & expanding the amount of…

Q: Describe the path of blood through the cardiac circuits

A: Anatomy and physiology are the branches of biology, anatomy deals with the study of the structure of…

Q: Explain Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle?

A: The cardiac cycle involves the events that occur in the heart chambers in a single heartbeat. The…

Q: Describe one cardiac cycle, beginning with both atriaand ventricles relaxed

A: Animal physiology is the systematic study of the supporting features, roles, and processes of…

Q: Explain how the blood volume in the left ventricle changes throughout the cardiac cycle in response…

A: Answer:  CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : In all multicellular organisms there is a system which transports…

Q: Define Cardiac Output, give its relationship with Stroke Volume.

A: Introduction - The heart is a muscular organ the size of a fist that is placed directly behind and…

Q: Identify the factors regulating blood pressure.

A: Blood pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted by the blood on the wall of blood…

Q: Define cardiac output, and explain how it is influenced by both heart rate and stroke volume.

A: The cardiac cycle is the human heart's performance from the beginning of one heartbeat to the…

Q: Describe what occurs in the heart during systole and diastole.

A: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.…

Q: Define a cardiac cycle and the cardiac output.

A: Cardiac system or in clinical terms , the cardiovascular system is defined by the entire organ…

Q: Describe the spread of the action potential through the heart’s conduction system.

A: A transient shift in voltage (membrane potential) across the cell membrane of heart cells is…

Q: Explain the mechanism of the contractions of the heart and how it is regulated?

A: The heart is a muscular organ that is divided into four chambers: Left auricle (LA), right auricle…

Q: Define blood pressure and blood pressure gradient.

A: The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to maintain adequate blood flow through the capillaries…