Chapter 4.8, Problem 18P

(A)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in entropy of the universe

Concept Introduction:

Write the formula to calculate the amount of heat $\left(Q\right)$ transferred.

$Q=m{C}_P\left(T_2-T_1\right)$

Here, mass of liquid water is $m$, constant pressure is $C_P$, final temperature is $T_2$, and initial temperature is $T_1$.

Write the energy balance for liquid water in a closed system.

$dU=dQ+d{W}_{EC}$

Here, change in the heat is dQ and change in work expansion or contraction is $d{W}_{EC}$.

Write the expression for definition of entropy.

$dS=\frac{dQ}{T}$

(B)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in entropy of the universe

Concept Introduction:

Write the formula to calculate the amount of heat $\left(Q\right)$ transferred.

$Q=m{C}_P\left(T_2-T_1\right)$

Here, mass of liquid water is $m$, constant pressure is $C_P$, final temperature is $T_2$, and initial temperature is $T_1$.

Write the energy balance for liquid water in a closed system.

$dU=dQ+d{W}_{EC}$

Here, change in the heat is dQ and change in work expansion or contraction is $d{W}_{EC}$.

Write the expression for definition of entropy.

$dS=\frac{dQ}{T}$

(C)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in entropy of the universe

(D)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The change in entropy of the universe

Concept Introduction:

Write the formula to calculate the amount of heat $\left(Q\right)$ transferred.

$Q=m{C}_P\left(T_2-T_1\right)$

Here, mass of liquid water is $m$, constant pressure is $C_P$, final temperature is $T_2$, and initial temperature is $T_1$.

Write the energy balance for liquid water in a closed system.

$dU=dQ+d{W}_{EC}$

Here, change in the heat is dQ and change in work expansion or contraction is $d{W}_{EC}$.

Write the expression for definition of entropy.

$dS=\frac{dQ}{T}$