Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323717271
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 48, Problem 48.4CR
Summary Introduction
To review: Why the drugs used in nervous system diseases are targeted against receptors rather than neurotransmitters.
Introduction:
Neurotransmitters or chemical messengers are the molecules that are available for the transmission of impulses from one neuron to another neuron, a muscle or a gland. It is released from the pre-synaptic cell and acts on the receptors that are present in the post-synaptic cell.
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Studies have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have lower than normal amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine excitatory neurotransmitters in their synapses. Methylphenidate is one of the drugs prescribed to individuals with ADHD. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters from the synapses, thereby keeping these neurotransmitters in the synapses longer. Which of the following rows correctly identify the effects of methylphenidate in individuals with ADHD?
Select one:
a. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
b. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
c. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
d. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
Studies have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have lower than normal amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine excitatory neurotransmitters in their synapses. Methylphenidate is one of the drugs prescribed to individuals with ADHD. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters from the synapses, thereby keeping these neurotransmitters in the synapses longer. Which of the following rows correctly identify the effects of methylphenidate in individuals with ADHD?
Select one:
a. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
b. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to potassium ions.
c. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
d. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to sodium ions.
What are neurotransmitters ? Why are they used ?
Chapter 48 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…arrow_forwardCocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse? The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter. the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being. The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria. The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria. The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.arrow_forwardA neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons, nerve cells, and other cells in the body. a) Identify two disorders that can result in a depletion, damage, or lack of neurotransmitters in our body. Then list and explain at least two neurotransmitters that can result in these disorders developing.arrow_forward
- A drug belonging to the class of monoamine oxidase inhibitors has the following function: Group of answer options Increases the permeability of calcium Increases the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft Increases the breakdown of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleftarrow_forwardDrugs bind to receptor and give response to the body. What type of binding involve in this process ?arrow_forwardWhich cell type is responsible for reuptaking neurotransmitters once released in the synapse? a) pyramidal cells b) ependymal cells c) glial cells d) oligodendrocytes The collective name for dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline based on their chemistry is: a) cathecholamines b) indolamines c) neurotransmitters d) anxiolyticsarrow_forward
- Lidocaine is an anesthetic that is commonly used in medical and dental practices. After being injected or applied to the skin, lidocaine very quickly causes numbness in that area by affecting nerve transmission. Which option below is a possible mechanism by which lidocaine might work? Mimics the neurotransmitter released by sensory neurons Causes an influx of calcium into the axon bulb of sensory neurons Prevents the opening of sodium channels in the sensory neuronsarrow_forwardWhich of the following describes the axon hillock? Part of neuron that passes nerve impulses to another cell Part of neuron that connects the axon to the neuron cell body Part of neuron that stores neurotransmitters Endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron Part of neuron that gives rise to axon collateralsarrow_forwardMany drugs work by interfering with the inactivation of neurotransmitters once they gave been released. What are the two basic mechanisms whereby a drug may interfere with this process? In under 5 sentences.arrow_forward
- If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, how should we classify the drug? Antagonist Endogenous ligand Prototype Agonistarrow_forwardWhich of the following is the role of axonal Calcium (Ca2+) channels in neuronal communication at the synapse? a) they inhibit the action potential causing it to stop b) Calcium channels have no role in this process c) by allowing calcium to exit the cell, they promote the propagation of action potential across the synapse by creating depolarization d) by blocking calcium entrance, they mediate the contraction of presynaptic axon to facilitate movement e) when they open, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, promoting fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleftarrow_forwardImagine that a new type of psychoactive drug has been developed in a laboratory. It works by slowing the reuptake of dopamine in some brain circuits, increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. It also blocks serotonin binding in other brain circuits. Based on only this information, you can conclude that this new psychoactive drug is a: dopamine and serotonin antagonist. dopamine antagonist and serotonin agonist. dopamine and serotonin agonist. dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist.arrow_forward
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