Microbiology: An Introduction
Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
Chapter 5, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction

To name:

The pathways diagrammed in parts (a), (b), and (c) of the given figure.

Introduction:

Cellular mechanisms involved in many reactions in which the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another take place by means of oxidation-reduction reactions. The oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupled, the form of undergoes oxidation and another form undergoes reduction simultaneously.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

  1. The given diagram is the Calvin-Benson cycle. In this cycle, three molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed and one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is produced. After that, it leaves the cycle is shown in the below diagram.
  2. Microbiology: An Introduction, Chapter 5, Problem 1R , additional homework tip  1

  3. The given b diagram resembles the Glycolysis pathway. In this pathway, the oxidation of glucose yields two molecules of pyruvic acid as its end product.
  4. Microbiology: An Introduction, Chapter 5, Problem 1R , additional homework tip  2

  5. The below-given diagram is the Kreb’s cycle. Here, the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one carbon dioxide molecule and one acetyl group.

Microbiology: An Introduction, Chapter 5, Problem 1R , additional homework tip  3

Summary Introduction

To review:

The anabolic and catabolic mechanisms in the given pathways.

Introduction:

The cellular mechanism of all living organisms requires the energy for its metabolism. However, the conversion of energy from the organic compounds undergoes the catabolic and anabolic process in different pathways, such as glycolysis, TCA and Calvin-Benson cycle to produce the energy in the form of ATP.

Expert Solution
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Explanation of Solution

  1. Glycolysis and the Citric acid cycle are the major pathways for anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of all organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Glycerol is catabolized as Dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the Glycolysis pathway (a) and fatty acids are catabolized as acetyl CoA int he TCA cycle (b).

  2. Glutamic acid is catabolized in the Krebs cycle (c). Glutamic acid is an amino acid which is catabolized by Kreb’s cycle at α-ketoglutaric acid which is formed from isocitric acid.

  3. In the Calvin-Benson cycle, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the end product, which enters into glycolysis. In glycolysis, the glucose is oxidized into pyruvate which is decarboxylated to acetyl group and entered into the Kreb’s cycle.

  4. The Calvin cycle requires 18 molecules of ATP between glucose and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate.

  5. Three molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) is released in the Kreb’s cycle,

    • Between pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
    • Between isocitric acid to α-ketoglutarate (TCA cycle).
    • Between α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA.
  6. The long chain hydrocarbon like such as acetyl group is catabolized in the TCA cycle at acetyl CoA. This acetyl group like hydrocarbons are catabolized by beta-oxidation which enters into the Kreb’s cycle.

  7. The production of NADH, FADH2 or NADH in glycolysis, Calvin-Benson and TCA cycles are,

  8.  UtilizesProduces
    Glycolysis 2 NADH
    Calvin-Benson cycle6 NADPH 
    Pyruvate to acetyl CoA 1 NADH
    Isocitrate to α-ketoglutaric acid 1 NADH
    α-keto-glutaric to succinyl CoA 1 NADH
    Succinate to fumarate 1 FADH2
    Malate to oxalate 1 NADH
  9. The anabolic and catabolic pathways are integrated between,

    • In glycolysis, the anabolic and catabolic pathways integrated into dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
    • In the TCA cycle, the anabolic and catabolic pathways integrated into acetyl, oxaloacetic acid and ketoglutaric acid.

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a) What is the reason for the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?b) Which compound is converted into which compound in the step where sequential dehydration and hydration reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?c) Why is ammonia released in some tissues carried by binding to other molecules in the blood? Where is it transmitted in the body for its destruction? What molecule is it transferred onto there? So what molecule does it make?
The effect of ATP on the allosteric enzyme PFK-1 is shown below. For a given concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, the PFK-1 activity increases with increasing concentrations of ATP, but a point is reached beyond which increasing the concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme.     (a) Explain how ATP can be both a substrate and an inhibitor of PFK-1. How is the enzyme regulated by ATP?   (b) In what ways is glycolysis regulated by ATP levels?   (c) The inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is diminished when the ADP concentration is high, as shown in the illustration. How can this observation be explained?   *A graph is included for this question*
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Microbiology: An Introduction

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